Jakarta Persistence

javax.*

Specification: Jakarta Persistence

Version: 3.0

Status: Final Release

Release: September 08, 2020
T getProperty()

void setProperty(T t)
@Entity
public class Customer implements Serializable {
    private Long id;
    private String name;
    private Address address;
    private Collection<Order> orders = new HashSet();
    private Set<PhoneNumber> phones = new HashSet();

    // No-arg constructor
    public Customer() {}

    @Id // property access is used
    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Address getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(Address address) {
        this.address = address;
    }

    @OneToMany
    public Collection<Order> getOrders() {
        return orders;
    }

    public void setOrders(Collection<Order> orders) {
        this.orders = orders;
    }

    @ManyToMany
    public Set<PhoneNumber> getPhones() {
        return phones;
    }

    public void setPhones(Set<PhoneNumber> phones) {
        this.phones = phones;
    }

    // Business method to add a phone number to the customer
    public void addPhone(PhoneNumber phone) {
        this.getPhones().add(phone);

        // Update the phone entity instance to refer to this customer
        phone.addCustomer(this);
    }
}
@Entity
public class Employee {
    @Id long empId;
    String empName;

    // ...
}
public class DependentId {
    String name; // matches name of @Id attribute
    long emp; // matches name of @Id attribute and type of Employee PK
}

@Entity
@IdClass(DependentId.class)
public class Dependent {
    @Id String name;

    // id attribute mapped by join column default
    @Id @ManyToOne
    Employee emp;

    // ...
}
SELECT d
FROM Dependent d
WHERE d.name = 'Joe' AND d.emp.empName = 'Sam'
@Embeddable
public class DependentId {
    String name;
    long empPK; // corresponds to PK type of Employee
}

@Entity
public class Dependent {
    @EmbeddedId DependentId id;

    // id attribute mapped by join column default
    @MapsId("empPK") // maps empPK attribute of embedded id
    @ManyToOne
    Employee emp;

    // ...
}
SELECT d
FROM Dependent d
WHERE d.id.name = 'Joe' AND d.emp.empName = 'Sam'
public class EmployeeId {
    String firstName;
    String lastName;

    // ...
}

@Entity
@IdClass(EmployeeId.class)
public class Employee {
    @Id String firstName
    @Id String lastName

   // ...
}
public class DependentId {
    String name; // matches name of attribute
    EmployeeId emp; //matches name of attribute and type of Employee PK
}

@Entity
@IdClass(DependentId.class)
public class Dependent {
    @Id
    String name;

    @Id
    @JoinColumns({
        @JoinColumn(name="FK1", referencedColumnName="firstName"),
        @JoinColumn(name="FK2", referencedColumnName="lastName")
    })

    @ManyToOne
    Employee emp;
}
SELECT d
FROM Dependent d
WHERE d.name = 'Joe' AND d.emp.firstName = 'Sam'
@Embeddable
public class DependentId {
    String name;
    EmployeeId empPK;
}

@Entity
public class Dependent {
    @EmbeddedId
    DependentId id;

    @MapsId("empPK")
    @JoinColumns({
        @JoinColumn(name="FK1", referencedColumnName="firstName"),
        @JoinColumn(name="FK2", referencedColumnName="lastName")
    })

    @ManyToOne
    Employee emp;

    // ...
}
SELECT d
FROM Dependent d
WHERE d.id.name = 'Joe' AND d.emp.firstName = 'Sam'
SELECT d
FROM Dependent d
WHERE d.id.name = 'Joe' AND d.id.empPK.firstName = 'Sam'
@Embeddable
public class EmployeeId {
    String firstName;
    String lastName;

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class Employee {
    @EmbeddedId
    EmployeeId empId;

    // ...
}
public class DependentId {
    String name; // matches name of @Id attribute
    EmployeeId emp; // matches name of @Id attribute and type of embedded id of Employee
}

@Entity
@IdClass(DependentId.class)
public class Dependent {
    @Id
    @Column(name="dep_name") // default column name is overridden
    String name;

    @Id
    @JoinColumns({
        @JoinColumn(name="FK1", referencedColumnName="firstName"),
        @JoinColumn(name="FK2", referencedColumnName="lastName")
    })

    @ManyToOne Employee
    emp;
}
SELECT d
FROM Dependent d
WHERE d.name = 'Joe' and d.emp.empId.firstName = 'Sam'
@Embeddable
public class DependentId {
    String name;
    EmployeeId empPK; // corresponds to PK type of Employee
}

@Entity
public class Dependent {
    // default column name for "name" attribute is overridden
    @AttributeOverride(name="name", column=@Column(name="dep_name"))
    @EmbeddedId DependentId id;

    @MapsId("empPK")
    @JoinColumns({
        @JoinColumn(name="FK1", referencedColumnName="firstName"),
        @JoinColumn(name="FK2", referencedColumnName="lastName")
    })
    @ManyToOne
    Employee emp;

    // ...
}
SELECT d
FROM Dependent d
WHERE d.id.name = 'Joe' and d.emp.empId.firstName = 'Sam'
SELECT d
FROM Dependent d
WHERE d.id.name = 'Joe' AND d.id.empPK.firstName = 'Sam'
@Entity
public class Person {
    @Id
    String ssn;

    // ...
}
@Entity
public class MedicalHistory {
    // default join column name is overridden
    @Id
    @OneToOne
    @JoinColumn(name="FK")
    Person patient;

    // ...
}
SELECT m
FROM MedicalHistory m
WHERE m.patient.ssn = '123-45-6789'
@Entity
public class MedicalHistory {
    @Id
    String id; // overriding not allowed

    // ...

    // default join column name is overridden
    @MapsId
    @JoinColumn(name="FK")
    @OneToOne
    Person patient;

    // ...
}
SELECT m
FROM MedicalHistory m WHERE m.patient.ssn = '123-45-6789'
public class PersonId {
    String firstName;
    String lastName;
}

@Entity
@IdClass(PersonId.class)
public class Person {
    @Id
    String firstName;

    @Id
    String lastName;

    // ...
}
@Entity
@IdClass(PersonId.class)
public class MedicalHistory {
    @Id
    @JoinColumns({
        @JoinColumn(name="FK1", referencedColumnName="firstName"),
        @JoinColumn(name="FK2", referencedColumnName="lastName")
    })

    @OneToOne
    Person patient;

    // ...
}
SELECT m
FROM MedicalHistory m
WHERE m.patient.firstName = 'Charles'
@Entity
public class MedicalHistory {
    // all attributes map to relationship:
    AttributeOverride not allowed

    @EmbeddedId
    PersonId id;

    // ...

    @MapsId
    @JoinColumns({
        @JoinColumn(name="FK1", referencedColumnName="firstName"),
        @JoinColumn(name="FK2", referencedColumnName="lastName")
    })

    @OneToOne Person patient;

    // ...
}
SELECT m
FROM MedicalHistory m
WHERE m.patient.firstName = 'Charles'
SELECT m
FROM MedicalHistory m
WHERE m.id.firstName = 'Charles'
@Embeddable
public class PersonId {
    String firstName;
    String lastName;
}

@Entity
public class Person {
    @EmbeddedId PersonId id;

    // ...
}
@Entity
@IdClass(PersonId.class)
public class MedicalHistory {
    @Id
    @OneToOne
    @JoinColumns({
        @JoinColumn(name="FK1", referencedColumnName="firstName"),
        @JoinColumn(name="FK2", referencedColumnName="lastName")
    })

    Person patient;

    // ...
}
@Entity
public class MedicalHistory {
    // All attributes are mapped by the relationship
    // AttributeOverride is not allowed
    @EmbeddedId PersonId id;

    // ...

    @MapsId
    @JoinColumns({
        @JoinColumn(name="FK1", referencedColumnName="firstName"),
        @JoinColumn(name="FK2", referencedColumnName="lastName")
    })
    @OneToOne
    Person patient;

    // ...
}
@Entity
public class Employee {
    private Cubicle assignedCubicle;

    @OneToOne
    public Cubicle getAssignedCubicle() {
        return assignedCubicle;
    }

    public void setAssignedCubicle(Cubicle cubicle) {
        this.assignedCubicle = cubicle;
    }

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class Cubicle {
    private Employee residentEmployee;

    @OneToOne(mappedBy="assignedCubicle")
    public Employee getResidentEmployee() {
        return residentEmployee;
    }

    public void setResidentEmployee(Employee employee) {
        this.residentEmployee = employee;
    }

    // ...
}
@Entity
public class Employee {
    private Department department;

    @ManyToOne
    public Department getDepartment() {
        return department;
    }

    public void setDepartment(Department department) {
        this.department = department;
    }

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class Department {
    private Collection<Employee> employees = new HashSet();

    @OneToMany(mappedBy="department")
    public Collection<Employee> getEmployees() {
        return employees;
    }

    public void setEmployees(Collection<Employee> employees) {
        this.employees = employees;
    }

    // ...
}
@Entity
public class Employee {
    private TravelProfile profile;

    @OneToOne
    public TravelProfile getProfile() {
        return profile;
    }

    public void setProfile(TravelProfile profile) {
        this.profile = profile;
    }

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class TravelProfile {
    // ...
}
@Entity
public class Employee {
    private Address address;

    @ManyToOne
    public Address getAddress() {
        return address;
    }

    public void setAddress(Address address) {
        this.address = address;
    }

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class Address {
    // ...
}
@Entity
public class Project {
    private Collection<Employee> employees;

    @ManyToMany
    public Collection<Employee> getEmployees() {
        return employees;
    }

    public void setEmployees(Collection<Employee> employees) {
        this.employees = employees;
    }

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class Employee {
    private Collection<Project> projects;

    @ManyToMany(mappedBy="employees")
    public Collection<Project> getProjects() {
        return projects;
    }

    public void setProjects(Collection<Project> projects) {
        this.projects = projects;
    }

    // ...
}
@Entity
public class Employee {
    private Collection<AnnualReview> annualReviews;

    @OneToMany
    public Collection<AnnualReview> getAnnualReviews() {
        return annualReviews;
    }

    public void setAnnualReviews(Collection<AnnualReview> annualReviews) {
        this.annualReviews = annualReviews;
    }

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class AnnualReview {
    // ...
}
@Entity
public class Employee {
    private Collection<Patent> patents;

    @ManyToMany
    public Collection<Patent> getPatents() {
        return patents;
    }

    public void setPatents(Collection<Patent> patents) {
        this.patents = patents;
    }

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class Patent {
    //...
}
@Entity
@Table(name="EMP")
@Inheritance(strategy=JOINED)
public abstract class Employee {
    @Id
    protected Integer empId;

    @Version
    protected Integer version;

    @ManyToOne
    protected Address address;

    // ...
}

@Entity
@Table(name="FT_EMP")
@DiscriminatorValue("FT")
@PrimaryKeyJoinColumn(name="FT_EMPID")
public class FullTimeEmployee extends Employee {
    // Inherit empId, but mapped in this class to FT_EMP.FT_EMPID
    // Inherit version mapped to EMP.VERSION
    // Inherit address mapped to EMP.ADDRESS fk

    // Defaults to FT_EMP.SALARY
    protected Integer salary;

    // ...
}

@Entity
@Table(name="PT_EMP")
@DiscriminatorValue("PT")
// PK column is PT_EMP.EMPID due to _PrimaryKeyJoinColumn_ default
public class PartTimeEmployee extends Employee {
    protected Float hourlyWage;

    // ...
}
@MappedSuperclass
public class Employee {
    @Id
    protected Integer empId;

    @Version
    protected Integer version;

    @ManyToOne
    @JoinColumn(name="ADDR")
    protected Address address;

    public Integer getEmpId() { ... }

    public void setEmpId(Integer id) { ... }

    public Address getAddress() { ... }

    public void setAddress(Address addr) { ... }
}

// Default table is FTEMPLOYEE table
@Entity
public class FTEmployee extends Employee {
    // Inherited empId field mapped to FTEMPLOYEE.EMPID
    // Inherited version field mapped to FTEMPLOYEE.VERSION
    // Inherited address field mapped to FTEMPLOYEE.ADDR fk

    // Defaults to FTEMPLOYEE.SALARY
    protected Integer salary;

    public FTEmployee() {}

    public Integer getSalary() { ... }

    public void setSalary(Integer salary) { ... }
}

@Entity
@Table(name="PT_EMP")
@AssociationOverride(name="address", joincolumns=@JoinColumn(name="ADDR_ID"))
public class PartTimeEmployee extends Employee {
    // Inherited empId field mapped to PT_EMP.EMPID
    // Inherited version field mapped to PT_EMP.VERSION
    // address field mapping overridden to PT_EMP.ADDR_ID fk
    @Column(name="WAGE")
    protected Float hourlyWage;

    public PartTimeEmployee() {}

    public Float getHourlyWage() { ... }

    public void setHourlyWage(Float wage) { ... }
}
public class Cart {
    protected Integer operationCount; // transient state

    public Cart() {
        operationCount = 0;
    }

    public Integer getOperationCount() {
        return operationCount;
    }

    public void incrementOperationCount() {
        operationCount++;
    }
}

@Entity
public class ShoppingCart extends Cart {
    Collection<Item> items = new Vector<Item>();

    public ShoppingCart() {
        super();
    }

    // ...

    @OneToMany
    public Collection<Item> getItems() {
        return items;
    }

    public void addItem(Item item) {
        items.add(item);
        incrementOperationCount();
    }
}
@Table(name="Customer")
@Table(name="customer")
@Table(name="cUsTomer")
@JoinColumn(name="CUSTOMER")
@ManyToOne Customer customer;

@JoinColumn(name="customer")
@ManyToOne Customer customer;

@ManyToOne Customer customer;
package jakarta.persistence;

import java.util.Map;
import java.util.List;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.Metamodel;
import jakarta.persistence.criteria.CriteriaBuilder;
import jakarta.persistence.criteria.CriteriaQuery;
import jakarta.persistence.criteria.CriteriaUpdate;
import jakarta.persistence.criteria.CriteriaDelete;

/**
 * Interface used to interact with the persistence context.
 *
 * An <code>EntityManager</code> instance is associated with
 * a persistence context. A persistence context is a set of entity
 * instances in which for any persistent entity identity there is
 * a unique entity instance. Within the persistence context, the
 * entity instances and their lifecycle are managed.
 * The <code>EntityManager</code> API is used
 * to create and remove persistent entity instances, to find entities
 * by their primary key, and to query over entities.
 *
 * The set of entities that can be managed by a given
 * <code>EntityManager</code> instance is defined by a persistence
 * unit. A persistence unit defines the set of all classes that are
 * related or grouped by the application, and which must be
 * colocated in their mapping to a single database.
 *
 * @see Query
 * @see TypedQuery
 * @see CriteriaQuery
 * @see PersistenceContext
 * @see StoredProcedureQuery
 *
 * @since 1.0
 */
public interface EntityManager {

    /**
     * Make an instance managed and persistent.
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @throws EntityExistsException if the entity already exists.
     * (If the entity already exists, the <code>EntityExistsException</code> may
     * be thrown when the persist operation is invoked, or the
     * <code>EntityExistsException</code> or another <code>PersistenceException</code> may be
     * thrown at flush or commit time.)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instance is not an
     *         entity
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is no transaction when
     *         invoked on a container-managed entity manager of that is of type
     *         <code>PersistenceContextType.TRANSACTION</code>
     */
    public void persist(Object entity);

    /**
     * Merge the state of the given entity into the
     * current persistence context.
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @return the managed instance that the state was merged to
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if instance is not an
     *         entity or is a removed entity
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is no transaction when
     *         invoked on a container-managed entity manager of that is of type
     *         <code>PersistenceContextType.TRANSACTION</code>
     */
    public <T> T merge(T entity);

    /**
     * Remove the entity instance.
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instance is not an
     *         entity or is a detached entity
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if invoked on a
     *         container-managed entity manager of type
     *         <code>PersistenceContextType.TRANSACTION</code> and there is
     *         no transaction
     */
    public void remove(Object entity);

    /**
     * Find by primary key.
     * Search for an entity of the specified class and primary key.
     * If the entity instance is contained in the persistence context,
     * it is returned from there.
     * @param entityClass  entity class
     * @param primaryKey  primary key
     * @return the found entity instance or null if the entity does
     *         not exist
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the first argument does
     *         not denote an entity type or the second argument is
     *         is not a valid type for that entity's primary key or
     *         is null
     */
    public <T> T find(Class<T> entityClass, Object primaryKey);

    /**
     * Find by primary key, using the specified properties.
     * Search for an entity of the specified class and primary key.
     * If the entity instance is contained in the persistence
     * context, it is returned from there.
     * If a vendor-specific property or hint is not recognized,
     * it is silently ignored.
     * @param entityClass  entity class
     * @param primaryKey   primary key
     * @param properties  standard and vendor-specific properties
     *        and hints
     * @return the found entity instance or null if the entity does
     *         not exist
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the first argument does
     *         not denote an entity type or the second argument is
     *         is not a valid type for that entity's primary key or
     *         is null
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public <T> T find(Class<T> entityClass, Object primaryKey,
                      Map<String, Object> properties);

    /**
     * Find by primary key and lock.
     * Search for an entity of the specified class and primary key
     * and lock it with respect to the specified lock type.
     * If the entity instance is contained in the persistence context,
     * it is returned from there, and the effect of this method is
     * the same as if the lock method had been called on the entity.
     * <p> If the entity is found within the persistence context and the
     * lock mode type is pessimistic and the entity has a version
     * attribute, the persistence provider must perform optimistic
     * version checks when obtaining the database lock.  If these
     * checks fail, the <code>OptimisticLockException</code> will be thrown.
     * <p>If the lock mode type is pessimistic and the entity instance
     * is found but cannot be locked:
     * <ul>
     * <li> the <code>PessimisticLockException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes transaction-level rollback
     * <li> the <code>LockTimeoutException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes only statement-level rollback
     * </ul>
     * @param entityClass  entity class
     * @param primaryKey  primary key
     * @param lockMode  lock mode
     * @return the found entity instance or null if the entity does
     *         not exist
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the first argument does
     *         not denote an entity type or the second argument is
     *         not a valid type for that entity's primary key or
     *         is null
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is no
     *         transaction and a lock mode other than <code>NONE</code> is
     *         specified or if invoked on an entity manager which has
     *         not been joined to the current transaction and a lock
     *         mode other than <code>NONE</code> is specified
     * @throws OptimisticLockException if the optimistic version
     *         check fails
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking fails and
     *         only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if an unsupported lock call
     *         is made
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public <T> T find(Class<T> entityClass, Object primaryKey,
                      LockModeType lockMode);

    /**
     * Find by primary key and lock, using the specified properties.
     * Search for an entity of the specified class and primary key
     * and lock it with respect to the specified lock type.
     * If the entity instance is contained in the persistence context,
     * it is returned from there.
     * <p> If the entity is found
     * within the persistence context and the lock mode type
     * is pessimistic and the entity has a version attribute, the
     * persistence provider must perform optimistic version checks
     * when obtaining the database lock.  If these checks fail,
     * the <code>OptimisticLockException</code> will be thrown.
     * <p>If the lock mode type is pessimistic and the entity instance
     * is found but cannot be locked:
     * <ul>
     * <li> the <code>PessimisticLockException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes transaction-level rollback
     * <li> the <code>LockTimeoutException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes only statement-level rollback
     * </ul>
     * <p>If a vendor-specific property or hint is not recognized,
     * it is silently ignored.
     * <p>Portable applications should not rely on the standard timeout
     * hint. Depending on the database in use and the locking
     * mechanisms used by the provider, the hint may or may not
     * be observed.
     * @param entityClass  entity class
     * @param primaryKey  primary key
     * @param lockMode  lock mode
     * @param properties  standard and vendor-specific properties
     *        and hints
     * @return the found entity instance or null if the entity does
     *         not exist
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the first argument does
     *         not denote an entity type or the second argument is
     *         not a valid type for that entity's primary key or
     *         is null
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is no
     *         transaction and a lock mode other than <code>NONE</code> is
     *         specified or if invoked on an entity manager which has
     *         not been joined to the current transaction and a lock
     *         mode other than <code>NONE</code> is specified
     * @throws OptimisticLockException if the optimistic version
     *         check fails
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking fails and
     *         only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if an unsupported lock call
     *         is made
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public <T> T find(Class<T> entityClass, Object primaryKey,
                      LockModeType lockMode,
                      Map<String, Object> properties);

    /**
     * Get an instance, whose state may be lazily fetched.
     * If the requested instance does not exist in the database,
     * the <code>EntityNotFoundException</code> is thrown when the instance
     * state is first accessed. (The persistence provider runtime is
     * permitted to throw the <code>EntityNotFoundException</code> when
     * <code>getReference</code> is called.)
     * The application should not expect that the instance state will
     * be available upon detachment, unless it was accessed by the
     * application while the entity manager was open.
     * @param entityClass  entity class
     * @param primaryKey  primary key
     * @return the found entity instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the first argument does
     *         not denote an entity type or the second argument is
     *         not a valid type for that entity's primary key or
     *         is null
     * @throws EntityNotFoundException if the entity state
     *         cannot be accessed
     */
    public <T> T getReference(Class<T> entityClass,
                                  Object primaryKey);

    /**
     * Synchronize the persistence context to the
     * underlying database.
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is
     *         no transaction or if the entity manager has not been
     *         joined to the current transaction
     * @throws PersistenceException if the flush fails
     */
    public void flush();

    /**
     * Set the flush mode that applies to all objects contained
     * in the persistence context.
     * @param flushMode  flush mode
     */
    public void setFlushMode(FlushModeType flushMode);

    /**
     * Get the flush mode that applies to all objects contained
     * in the persistence context.
     * @return flushMode
     */
    public FlushModeType getFlushMode();

    /**
     * Lock an entity instance that is contained in the persistence
     * context with the specified lock mode type.
     * <p>If a pessimistic lock mode type is specified and the entity
     * contains a version attribute, the persistence provider must
     * also perform optimistic version checks when obtaining the
     * database lock.  If these checks fail, the
     * <code>OptimisticLockException</code> will be thrown.
     * <p>If the lock mode type is pessimistic and the entity instance
     * is found but cannot be locked:
     * <ul>
     * <li> the <code>PessimisticLockException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes transaction-level rollback
     * <li> the <code>LockTimeoutException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes only statement-level rollback
     * </ul>
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @param lockMode  lock mode
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instance is not an
     *         entity or is a detached entity
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is no
     *         transaction or if invoked on an entity manager which
     *         has not been joined to the current transaction
     * @throws EntityNotFoundException if the entity does not exist
     *         in the database when pessimistic locking is
     *         performed
     * @throws OptimisticLockException if the optimistic version
     *         check fails
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking fails
     *         and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking fails and
     *         only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if an unsupported lock call
     *         is made
     */
    public void lock(Object entity, LockModeType lockMode);

    /**
     * Lock an entity instance that is contained in the persistence
     * context with the specified lock mode type and with specified
     * properties.
     * <p>If a pessimistic lock mode type is specified and the entity
     * contains a version attribute, the persistence provider must
     * also perform optimistic version checks when obtaining the
     * database lock.  If these checks fail, the
     * <code>OptimisticLockException</code> will be thrown.
     * <p>If the lock mode type is pessimistic and the entity instance
     * is found but cannot be locked:
     * <ul>
     * <li> the <code>PessimisticLockException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes transaction-level rollback
     * <li> the <code>LockTimeoutException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes only statement-level rollback
     * </ul>
     * <p>If a vendor-specific property or hint is not recognized,
     * it is silently ignored.
     * <p>Portable applications should not rely on the standard timeout
     * hint. Depending on the database in use and the locking
     * mechanisms used by the provider, the hint may or may not
     * be observed.
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @param lockMode  lock mode
     * @param properties  standard and vendor-specific properties
     *        and hints
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instance is not an
     *         entity or is a detached entity
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is no
     *         transaction or if invoked on an entity manager which
     *         has not been joined to the current transaction
     * @throws EntityNotFoundException if the entity does not exist
     *         in the database when pessimistic locking is
     *         performed
     * @throws OptimisticLockException if the optimistic version
     *         check fails
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking fails
     *         and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking fails and
     *         only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if an unsupported lock call
     *         is made
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public void lock(Object entity, LockModeType lockMode,
                     Map<String, Object> properties);

    /**
     * Refresh the state of the instance from the database,
     * overwriting changes made to the entity, if any.
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instance is not
     *         an entity or the entity is not managed
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is no
     *         transaction when invoked on a container-managed
     *         entity manager of type <code>PersistenceContextType.TRANSACTION</code>
     * @throws EntityNotFoundException if the entity no longer
     *         exists in the database
     */
    public void refresh(Object entity);

    /**
     * Refresh the state of the instance from the database, using
     * the specified properties, and overwriting changes made to
     * the entity, if any.
     * <p> If a vendor-specific property or hint is not recognized,
     * it is silently ignored.
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @param properties  standard and vendor-specific properties
     *        and hints
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instance is not
     *         an entity or the entity is not managed
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is no
     *         transaction when invoked on a container-managed
     *         entity manager of type <code>PersistenceContextType.TRANSACTION</code>
     * @throws EntityNotFoundException if the entity no longer
     *         exists in the database
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public void refresh(Object entity,
                            Map<String, Object> properties);

    /**
     * Refresh the state of the instance from the database,
     * overwriting changes made to the entity, if any, and
     * lock it with respect to given lock mode type.
     * <p>If the lock mode type is pessimistic and the entity instance
     * is found but cannot be locked:
     * <ul>
     * <li> the <code>PessimisticLockException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes transaction-level rollback
     * <li> the <code>LockTimeoutException</code> will be thrown if the
     *    database locking failure causes only statement-level
     *    rollback.
     * </ul>
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @param lockMode  lock mode
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instance is not
     *         an entity or the entity is not managed
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if invoked on a
     *         container-managed entity manager of type
     *         <code>PersistenceContextType.TRANSACTION</code> when there is
     *         no transaction; if invoked on an extended entity manager when
     *         there is no transaction and a lock mode other than <code>NONE</code>
     *         has been specified; or if invoked on an extended entity manager
     *         that has not been joined to the current transaction and a
     *         lock mode other than <code>NONE</code> has been specified
     * @throws EntityNotFoundException if the entity no longer exists
     *         in the database
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking fails
     *         and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking fails and
     *         only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if an unsupported lock call
     *         is made
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public void refresh(Object entity, LockModeType lockMode);

    /**
     * Refresh the state of the instance from the database,
     * overwriting changes made to the entity, if any, and
     * lock it with respect to given lock mode type and with
     * specified properties.
     * <p>If the lock mode type is pessimistic and the entity instance
     * is found but cannot be locked:
     * <ul>
     * <li> the <code>PessimisticLockException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes transaction-level rollback
     * <li> the <code>LockTimeoutException</code> will be thrown if the database
     *    locking failure causes only statement-level rollback
     * </ul>
     * <p>If a vendor-specific property or hint is not recognized,
     *    it is silently ignored.
     * <p>Portable applications should not rely on the standard timeout
     * hint. Depending on the database in use and the locking
     * mechanisms used by the provider, the hint may or may not
     * be observed.
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @param lockMode  lock mode
     * @param properties  standard and vendor-specific properties
     *        and hints
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instance is not
     *         an entity or the entity is not managed
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if invoked on a
     *         container-managed entity manager of type
     *         <code>PersistenceContextType.TRANSACTION</code> when there is
     *         no transaction; if invoked on an extended entity manager when
     *         there is no transaction and a lock mode other than <code>NONE</code>
     *         has been specified; or if invoked on an extended entity manager
     *         that has not been joined to the current transaction and a
     *         lock mode other than <code>NONE</code> has been specified
     * @throws EntityNotFoundException if the entity no longer exists
     *         in the database
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking fails
     *         and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking fails and
     *         only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if an unsupported lock call
     *         is made
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public void refresh(Object entity, LockModeType lockMode,
                        Map<String, Object> properties);

    /**
     * Clear the persistence context, causing all managed
     * entities to become detached. Changes made to entities that
     * have not been flushed to the database will not be
     * persisted.
     */
    public void clear();

    /**
     * Remove the given entity from the persistence context, causing
     * a managed entity to become detached.  Unflushed changes made
     * to the entity if any (including removal of the entity),
     * will not be synchronized to the database.  Entities which
     * previously referenced the detached entity will continue to
     * reference it.
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instance is not an
     *         entity
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public void detach(Object entity);

    /**
     * Check if the instance is a managed entity instance belonging
     * to the current persistence context.
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @return boolean indicating if entity is in persistence context
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if not an entity
     */
    public boolean contains(Object entity);

    /**
     * Get the current lock mode for the entity instance.
     * @param entity  entity instance
     * @return lock mode
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is no
     *         transaction or if the entity manager has not been
     *         joined to the current transaction
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the instance is not a
     *         managed entity and a transaction is active
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public LockModeType getLockMode(Object entity);

    /**
     * Set an entity manager property or hint.
     * If a vendor-specific property or hint is not recognized, it is
     * silently ignored.
     * @param propertyName name of property or hint
     * @param value  value for property or hint
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the second argument is
     *         not valid for the implementation
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public void setProperty(String propertyName, Object value);

    /**
     * Get the properties and hints and associated values that are in effect
     * for the entity manager. Changing the contents of the map does
     * not change the configuration in effect.
     * @return map of properties and hints in effect for entity manager
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public Map<String, Object> getProperties();

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>Query</code> for executing a
     * Jakarta Persistence query language statement.
     * @param qlString a Jakarta Persistence query string
     * @return the new query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the query string is
     *         found to be invalid
     */
    public Query createQuery(String qlString);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>TypedQuery</code> for executing a
     * criteria query.
     * @param criteriaQuery  a criteria query object
     * @return the new query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the criteria query is
     *         found to be invalid
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public <T> TypedQuery<T> createQuery(CriteriaQuery<T> criteriaQuery);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>Query</code> for executing a criteria
     * update query.
     * @param updateQuery  a criteria update query object
     * @return the new query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the update query is
     *         found to be invalid
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public Query createQuery(CriteriaUpdate updateQuery);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>Query</code> for executing a criteria
     * delete query.
     * @param deleteQuery  a criteria delete query object
     * @return the new query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the delete query is
     *         found to be invalid
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public Query createQuery(CriteriaDelete deleteQuery);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>TypedQuery</code> for executing a
     * Jakarta Persistence query language statement.
     * The select list of the query must contain only a single
     * item, which must be assignable to the type specified by
     * the <code>resultClass</code> argument.
     * @param qlString a Jakarta Persistence query string
     * @param resultClass the type of the query result
     * @return the new query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the query string is found
     *         to be invalid or if the query result is found to
     *         not be assignable to the specified type
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public <T> TypedQuery<T> createQuery(String qlString, Class<T> resultClass);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>Query</code> for executing a named query
     * (in the Jakarta Persistence query language or in native SQL).
     * @param name the name of a query defined in metadata
     * @return the new query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a query has not been
     *         defined with the given name or if the query string is
     *         found to be invalid
     */
    public Query createNamedQuery(String name);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>TypedQuery</code> for executing a
     * Jakarta Persistence query language named query.
     * The select list of the query must contain only a single
     * item, which must be assignable to the type specified by
     * the <code>resultClass</code> argument.
     * @param name the name of a query defined in metadata
     * @param resultClass the type of the query result
     * @return the new query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a query has not been
     *         defined with the given name or if the query string is
     *         found to be invalid or if the query result is found to
     *         not be assignable to the specified type
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public <T> TypedQuery<T> createNamedQuery(String name, Class<T> resultClass);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>Query</code> for executing
     * a native SQL statement, e.g., for update or delete.
     * If the query is not an update or delete query, query
     * execution will result in each row of the SQL result
     * being returned as a result of type Object[] (or a result
     * of type Object if there is only one column in the select
     * list.)  Column values are returned in the order of their
     * appearance in the select list and default JDBC type
     * mappings are applied.
     * @param sqlString a native SQL query string
     * @return the new query instance
     */
    public Query createNativeQuery(String sqlString);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>Query</code> for executing
     * a native SQL query.
     * @param sqlString a native SQL query string
     * @param resultClass the class of the resulting instance(s)
     * @return the new query instance
     */
    public Query createNativeQuery(String sqlString, Class resultClass);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>Query</code> for executing
     * a native SQL query.
     * @param sqlString a native SQL query string
     * @param resultSetMapping the name of the result set mapping
     * @return the new query instance
     */
    public Query createNativeQuery(String sqlString, String resultSetMapping);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>StoredProcedureQuery</code> for executing a
     * stored procedure in the database.
     * <p>Parameters must be registered before the stored procedure can
     * be executed.
     * <p>If the stored procedure returns one or more result sets,
     * any result set will be returned as a list of type Object[].
     * @param name name assigned to the stored procedure query
     * in metadata
     * @return the new stored procedure query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a query has not been
     * defined with the given name
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public StoredProcedureQuery createNamedStoredProcedureQuery(String name);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>StoredProcedureQuery</code> for executing a
     * stored procedure in the database.
     * <p>Parameters must be registered before the stored procedure can
     * be executed.
     * <p>If the stored procedure returns one or more result sets,
     * any result set will be returned as a list of type Object[].
     * @param procedureName name of the stored procedure in the
     * database
     * @return the new stored procedure query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a stored procedure of the
     * given name does not exist (or the query execution will
     * fail)
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public StoredProcedureQuery createStoredProcedureQuery(String procedureName);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>StoredProcedureQuery</code> for executing a
     * stored procedure in the database.
     * <p>Parameters must be registered before the stored procedure can
     * be executed.
     * <p>The <code>resultClass</code> arguments must be specified in the order in
     * which the result sets will be returned by the stored procedure
     * invocation.
     * @param procedureName name of the stored procedure in the
     * database
     * @param resultClasses classes to which the result sets
     * produced by the stored procedure are to
     * be mapped
     * @return the new stored procedure query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a stored procedure of the
     * given name does not exist (or the query execution will
     * fail)
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public StoredProcedureQuery createStoredProcedureQuery(
               String procedureName, Class... resultClasses);

    /**
     * Create an instance of <code>StoredProcedureQuery</code> for executing a
     * stored procedure in the database.
     * <p>Parameters must be registered before the stored procedure can
     * be executed.
     * <p>The <code>resultSetMapping</code> arguments must be specified in the order
     * in which the result sets will be returned by the stored
     * procedure invocation.
     * @param procedureName name of the stored procedure in the
     *        database
     * @param resultSetMappings the names of the result set mappings
     *        to be used in mapping result sets
     *        returned by the stored procedure
     * @return the new stored procedure query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a stored procedure or
     *         result set mapping of the given name does not exist
     *         (or the query execution will fail)
     */
    public StoredProcedureQuery createStoredProcedureQuery(
              String procedureName, String... resultSetMappings);

    /**
     * Indicate to the entity manager that a JTA transaction is
     * active and join the persistence context to it.
     * <p>This method should be called on a JTA application
     * managed entity manager that was created outside the scope
     * of the active transaction or on an entity manager of type
     * <code>SynchronizationType.UNSYNCHRONIZED</code> to associate
     * it with the current JTA transaction.
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is
     *         no transaction
     */
    public void joinTransaction();

    /**
     * Determine whether the entity manager is joined to the
     * current transaction. Returns false if the entity manager
     * is not joined to the current transaction or if no
     * transaction is active
     * @return boolean
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public boolean isJoinedToTransaction();

    /**
     * Return an object of the specified type to allow access to the
     * provider-specific API.   If the provider's <code>EntityManager</code>
     * implementation does not support the specified class, the
     * <code>PersistenceException</code> is thrown.
     * @param cls  the class of the object to be returned.  This is
     * normally either the underlying <code>EntityManager</code> implementation
     * class or an interface that it implements.
     * @return an instance of the specified class
     * @throws PersistenceException if the provider does not
     *         support the call
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> cls);

    /**
     * Return the underlying provider object for the <code>EntityManager</code>,
     * if available. The result of this method is implementation
     * specific.
     * <p>The <code>unwrap</code> method is to be preferred for new applications.
     * @return underlying provider object for EntityManager
     */
    public Object getDelegate();

    /**
     * Close an application-managed entity manager.
     * After the close method has been invoked, all methods
     * on the <code>EntityManager</code> instance and any
     * <code>Query</code>, <code>TypedQuery</code>, and
     * <code>StoredProcedureQuery</code> objects obtained from
     * it will throw the <code>IllegalStateException</code>
     * except for <code>getProperties</code>,
     * <code>getTransaction</code>, and <code>isOpen</code> (which will return false).
     * If this method is called when the entity manager is
     * joined to an active transaction, the persistence
     * context remains managed until the transaction completes.
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager
     *         is container-managed
     */
    public void close();

    /**
     * Determine whether the entity manager is open.
     * @return true until the entity manager has been closed
     */
    public boolean isOpen();

    /**
     * Return the resource-level <code>EntityTransaction</code> object.
     * The <code>EntityTransaction</code> instance may be used serially to
     * begin and commit multiple transactions.
     * @return EntityTransaction instance
     * @throws IllegalStateException if invoked on a JTA
     *         entity manager
     */
    public EntityTransaction getTransaction();

    /**
     * Return the entity manager factory for the entity manager.
     * @return EntityManagerFactory instance
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager has
     *         been closed
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public EntityManagerFactory getEntityManagerFactory();

    /**
     * Return an instance of <code>CriteriaBuilder</code> for the creation of
     * <code>CriteriaQuery</code> objects.
     * @return CriteriaBuilder instance
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager has
     *         been closed
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public CriteriaBuilder getCriteriaBuilder();

    /**
     * Return an instance of <code>Metamodel</code> interface for access to the
     * metamodel of the persistence unit.
     * @return Metamodel instance
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the entity manager has
     *         been closed
     * @since 2.0
     */
    public Metamodel getMetamodel();

    /**
     * Return a mutable EntityGraph that can be used to dynamically create an
     * EntityGraph.
     * @param rootType class of entity graph
     * @return entity graph
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public <T> EntityGraph<T> createEntityGraph(Class<T> rootType);

    /**
     * Return a mutable copy of the named EntityGraph.  If there
     * is no entity graph with the specified name, null is returned.
     * @param graphName name of an entity graph
     * @return entity graph
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public EntityGraph<?> createEntityGraph(String graphName);

    /**
     * Return a named EntityGraph. The returned EntityGraph
     * should be considered immutable.
     * @param graphName  name of an existing entity graph
     * @return named entity graph
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if there is no EntityGraph of
     *         the given name
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public EntityGraph<?> getEntityGraph(String graphName);

    /**
     * Return all named EntityGraphs that have been defined for the provided
     * class type.
     * @param entityClass  entity class
     * @return list of all entity graphs defined for the entity
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the class is not an entity
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public <T> List<EntityGraph<? super T>> getEntityGraphs(Class<T> entityClass);

}
public <T> TypedQuery<T> createQuery(String qlString, Class<T> resultClass)
public <T> TypedQuery<T> createNamedQuery(String name, Class<T> resultClass)
@Stateless
public class OrderEntryBean implements OrderEntry {
    @PersistenceContext
    EntityManager em;

    public void enterOrder(int custID, Order newOrder) {
        Customer cust = em.find(Customer.class, custID);
        cust.getOrders().add(newOrder);
        newOrder.setCustomer(cust);
        em.persist(newOrder);
    }
}
package jakarta.persistence;

public enum PersistenceContextType {
    TRANSACTION,
    EXTENDED
}
package jakarta.persistence;

public enum PessimisticLockScope {
  NORMAL,
  EXTENDED
}
package jakarta.persistence;

public enum LockModeType {
  READ,
  WRITE,
  OPTIMISTIC,
  OPTIMISTIC_FORCE_INCREMENT,
  PESSIMISTIC_READ,
  PESSIMISTIC_WRITE,
  PESSIMISTIC_FORCE_INCREMENT,
  NONE
}
jakarta.persistence.lock.scope
jakarta.persistence.lock.timeout // time in milliseconds
void <METHOD>()
void <METHOD>(Object)
@Entity
@EntityListeners(com.acme.AlertMonitor.class)
public class Account {
    Long accountId;
    Integer balance;
    boolean preferred;

    @Id
    public Long getAccountId() { ... }

    // ...

    public Integer getBalance() { ... }

    // ...

    @Transient // because status depends upon non-persistent context
    public boolean isPreferred() { ... }

    // ...

    public void deposit(Integer amount) { ... }

    public Integer withdraw(Integer amount) throws NSFException { ... }

    @PrePersist
    protected void validateCreate() {
        if (getBalance() < MIN_REQUIRED_BALANCE)
            throw new AccountException("Insufficient balance to open an account");
    }

    @PostLoad
    protected void adjustPreferredStatus() {
        preferred = (getBalance() >= AccountManager.getPreferredStatusLevel());
    }
}

public class AlertMonitor {
    @PostPersist
    public void newAccountAlert(Account acct) {
        Alerts.sendMarketingInfo(acct.getAccountId(), acct.getBalance());
    }
}
@Entity
public class Animal {

    // ...

    @PostPersist
    protected void postPersistAnimal() {
        // ...
    }
}

@Entity
@EntityListeners(PetListener.class)
public class Pet extends Animal {
    // ...
}

@Entity
@EntityListeners({CatListener.class, CatListener2.class})
public class Cat extends Pet {
    // ...
}

public class PetListener {
    @PostPersist
    protected void postPersistPetListenerMethod(Object pet) {
        // ...
    }
}

public class CatListener {
    @PostPersist
    protected void postPersistCatListenerMethod(Object cat) {
        // ...
    }
}

public class CatListener2 {
    @PostPersist
    protected void postPersistCatListener2Method(Object cat) {
        // ...
    }
}
@EntityListeners(SiameseCatListener.class)
@Entity
public class SiameseCat extends Cat {
    // ...

    @PostPersist
    protected void postPersistSiameseCat() {
        // ...
    }
}

public class SiameseCatListener {
    @PostPersist
    protected void postPersistSiameseCatListenerMethod(Object cat) {
        // ...
    }
}
@EntityListeners(SiameseCatListener.class)
@Entity
public class SiameseCat extends Cat {
    // ...

    @PostPersist
    protected void postPersistAnimal() {
        // ...
    }
}
package jakarta.persistence;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.Attribute;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * This type represents the root of an entity graph that will be used
 * as a template to define the attribute nodes and boundaries of a
 * graph of entities and entity relationships. The root must be an
 * entity type.
 * 
 * The methods to add subgraphs implicitly create the
 * corresponding attribute nodes as well; such attribute nodes
 * should not be redundantly specified.
 *
 * @param <T> The type of the root entity.
 *
 * @see AttributeNode
 * @see Subgraph
 * @see NamedEntityGraph
 *
 * @since 2.1
 */
public interface EntityGraph<T> {

    /**
     * Return the name of a named EntityGraph (an entity graph
     * defined by means of the <code>NamedEntityGraph</code>
     * annotation, XML descriptor element, or added by means of the
     * <code>addNamedEntityGraph</code> method.  Returns null if the
     * EntityGraph is not a named EntityGraph.
     */
    public String getName();

    /**
     * Add one or more attribute nodes to the entity graph.
     *
     * @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute is not an
     *         attribute of this entity.
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public void addAttributeNodes(String ... attributeName);

    /**
     * Add one or more attribute nodes to the entity graph.
     *
     * @param attribute  attribute
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public void addAttributeNodes(Attribute<T, ?>... attribute);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a managed
     * type. This allows for construction of multi-node entity graphs
     * that include related managed types.
     *
     * @param attribute  attribute
     * @return subgraph for the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target type
     *         is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addSubgraph(Attribute<T, X> attribute);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a managed
     * type with inheritance.  This allows for multiple subclass
     * subgraphs to be defined for this node of the entity
     * graph. Subclass subgraphs will automatically include the
     * specified attributes of superclass subgraphs.
     *
     * @param attribute  attribute
     * @param type  entity subclass
     * @return subgraph for the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target
     *         type is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<? extends X> addSubgraph(Attribute<T, X> attribute, Class<? extends X> type);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a managed
     * type. This allows for construction of multi-node entity graphs
     * that include related managed types.
     *
     * @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     * @return subgraph for the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute is not an
     *         attribute of this entity.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target type
     *         is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addSubgraph(String attributeName);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a managed
     * type with inheritance.  This allows for multiple subclass
     * subgraphs to be defined for this node of the entity graph.
     * Subclass subgraphs will automatically include the specified
     * attributes of superclass subgraphs.
     *
     * @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     * @param type  entity subclass
     * @return subgraph for the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute is not an
     *         attribute of this managed type.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target type
     *         is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addSubgraph(String attributeName, Class<X> type);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a map key
     * that is a managed type. This allows for construction of
     * multi-node entity graphs that include related managed types.
     *
     * @param attribute  attribute
     * @return subgraph for the key attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target type
     *         is not an entity
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addKeySubgraph(Attribute<T, X> attribute);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a map key
     * that is a managed type with inheritance. This allows for
     * construction of multi-node entity graphs that include related
     * managed types.  Subclass subgraphs will include the specified
     * attributes of superclass subgraphs.
     *
     * @param attribute  attribute
     * @param type  entity subclass
     * @return subgraph for the key attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target type
     *         is not an entity
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<? extends X> addKeySubgraph(Attribute<T, X> attribute, Class<? extends X> type);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a map key
     * that is a managed type. This allows for construction of
     * multi-node entity graphs that include related managed types.
     *
     * @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     * @return subgraph for the key attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute is not an
     *         attribute of this entity.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target type
     *         is not an entity
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *          statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addKeySubgraph(String attributeName);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a map key
     * that is a managed type with inheritance. This allows for
     * construction of multi-node entity graphs that include related
     * managed types. Subclass subgraphs will automatically include
     * the specified attributes of superclass subgraphs
     *
     * @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     * @param type  entity subclass
     * @return subgraph for the key attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute is not an
     *         attribute of this entity.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target type
     *         is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addKeySubgraph(String attributeName, Class<X> type);

    /**
     * Add additional attributes to this entity graph that
     * correspond to attributes of subclasses of this EntityGraph's
     * entity type.  Subclass subgraphs will automatically include the
     * specified attributes of superclass subgraphs.
     *
     * @param type  entity subclass
     * @return subgraph for the subclass
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the type is not an entity type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <T> Subgraph<? extends T> addSubclassSubgraph(Class<? extends T> type);

    /**
     * Return the attribute nodes of this entity that are included in
     * the entity graph.
     * @return attribute nodes for the annotated entity type or empty
     *         list if none have been defined
     */
    public List<AttributeNode<?>> getAttributeNodes();

}
package jakarta.persistence;

import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Represents an attribute node of an entity graph.
 *
 * @param <T> The type of the attribute.
 *
 * @see EntityGraph
 * @see Subgraph
 * @see NamedAttributeNode
 *
 * @since 2.1
 */
public interface AttributeNode<T> {

    /**
     * Return the name of the attribute corresponding to the
     * attribute node.
     * @return name of the attribute
     */
    public String getAttributeName();

    /**
     * Return the Map&#060;Class, Subgraph&#062; of subgraphs associated
     * with this attribute node.
     * @return Map of subgraphs associated with this attribute node
     * or empty Map if none have been defined
     */
    public Map<Class, Subgraph> getSubgraphs();

    /**
     * Return the Map&#060;Class, Subgraph&#062; of subgraphs associated
     * with this attribute node's map key.
     * @return Map of subgraphs associated with this attribute
     * node's map key or empty Map if none have been defined
     */
    public Map<Class, Subgraph> getKeySubgraphs();
}
package jakarta.persistence;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.Attribute;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * This type represents a subgraph for an attribute node that
 * corresponds to a Managed Type. Using this class, an entity subgraph
 * can be embedded within an EntityGraph.
 *
 * @param <T> The type of the attribute.
 *
 * @see EntityGraph
 * @see AttributeNode
 * @see NamedSubgraph
 *
 * @since 2.1
 */
public interface Subgraph<T> {

    /**
     * Add one or more attribute nodes to the entity graph.
     *
     * @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute is not an
     *         attribute of this managed type.
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public void addAttributeNodes(String ... attributeName);

    /**
     * Add one or more attribute nodes to the entity graph.
     * @param attribute  attribute
     *
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public void addAttributeNodes(Attribute<T, ?>... attribute);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a managed
     * type. This allows for construction of multi-node entity graphs
     * that include related managed types.
     *
     * @param attribute  attribute
     * @return subgraph for the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target
     *         type is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addSubgraph(Attribute<T, X> attribute);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a managed
     * type with inheritance.  This allows for multiple subclass
     * subgraphs to be defined for this node of the entity
     * graph. Subclass subgraphs will automatically include the specified
     * attributes of superclass subgraphs
     *
     * @param attribute  attribute
     * @param type  entity subclass
     * @return subgraph for the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target
     *         type is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<? extends X> addSubgraph(Attribute<T, X> attribute, Class<? extends X> type);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a managed
     * type. This allows for construction of multi-node entity graphs
     * that include related managed types.
     *
     * @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     * @return subgraph for the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute is not an
     *         attribute of this managed type.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target
     *         type is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addSubgraph(String attributeName);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a managed
     * type with inheritance.  This allows for multiple subclass
     * subgraphs to be defined for this node of the entity
     * graph. Subclass subgraphs will automatically include the
     * specified attributes of superclass subgraphs
     *
     * @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     * @param type  entity subclass
     * @return subgraph for the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute is not
     *         an attribute of this managed type.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target
     *         type is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addSubgraph(String attributeName, Class<X> type);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a map key
     * that is a managed type. This allows for construction of
     * multinode entity graphs that include related managed types.
     *
     * @param attribute  attribute
     * @return subgraph for the key attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target
     *         type is not a managed type entity
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addKeySubgraph(Attribute<T, X> attribute);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a map key
     * that is a managed type with inheritance. This allows for
     * construction of multi-node entity graphs that include related
     * managed types.  Subclass subgraphs will automatically include
     * the specified attributes of superclass subgraphs
     *
     * @param attribute  attribute
     * @param type  entity subclass
     * @return subgraph for the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target
     *         type is not a managed type entity
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<? extends X> addKeySubgraph(Attribute<T, X> attribute, Class<? extends X> type);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a map key
     * that is a managed type. This allows for construction of
     * multi-node entity graphs that include related managed types.
     *
     * @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     * @return subgraph for the key attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute is not an
     *         attribute of this entity.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target
     *         type is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *          statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addKeySubgraph(String attributeName);

    /**
     * Add a node to the graph that corresponds to a map key
     * that is a managed type with inheritance. This allows for
     * construction of multi-node entity graphs that include related
     * managed types.  Subclass subgraphs will include the specified
     * attributes of superclass subgraphs
     *
     * @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     * @param type  entity subclass
     * @return subgraph for the attribute
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute is not an
     *         attribute of this entity.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the attribute's target
     *         type is not a managed type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if this EntityGraph has been
     *         statically defined
     */
    public <X> Subgraph<X> addKeySubgraph(String attributeName, Class<X> type);

    /**
     * Return the attribute nodes corresponding to the attributes of
     * this managed type that are included in the subgraph.
     * @return list of attribute nodes included in the subgraph or
     * empty List if none have been defined
     */
    public List<AttributeNode<?>> getAttributeNodes();

    /**
     * Return the type for which this subgraph was defined.
     * @return managed type referenced by the subgraph
     */
    public Class<T> getClassType();
}
@NamedEntityGraph
@Entity
public class Phonenumber {
    @Id
    protected String number;

    protected PhoneTypeEnum type;

    // ...
}
@NamedEntityGraph(
    attributeNodes={@NamedAttributeNode("projects")}
)
@Entity
public class Employee {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    protected long id;

    @Basic
    protected String name;

    @Basic
    protected String employeeNumber;

    @OneToMany()
    protected List<Dependents> dependents;

    @OneToMany()
    protected List<Project> projects;

    @OneToMany()
    protected List<PhoneNumber> phoneNumbers;

    // ...
}

@Entity
@Inheritance
public class Project {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    protected long id;

    String name;

    @OneToOne(fetch=FetchType.EAGER)
    protected Requirements doc;

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class LargeProject extends Project {
    @OneToOne(fetch=FetchType.LAZY)
    protected Employee approver;

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class Requirements {
    @Id
    protected long id;

    @Lob
    protected String description;

    @OneToOne(fetch=FetchType.LAZY)
    protected Approval approval

    // ...
}
@NamedEntityGraph
@Entity
public class Phonenumber {
    @Id
    protected String number;

    protected PhoneTypeEnum type;

    // ...
}
@NamedEntityGraph(
    attributeNodes={@NamedAttributeNode("projects")}
)
@Entity
public class Employee {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    protected long id;

    @Basic
    protected String name;

    @Basic
    protected String employeeNumber;

    @OneToMany()
    protected List<Dependents> dependents;

    @OneToMany()
    protected List<Project> projects;

    @OneToMany()
    protected List<PhoneNumber> phoneNumbers;

    // ...
}

@Entity
@Inheritance
public class Project {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    protected long id;

    String name;

    @OneToOne(fetch=FetchType.EAGER)
    protected Requirements doc;

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class LargeProject extends Project {
    @OneToOne(fetch=FetchType.LAZY)
    protected Employee approver;

    // ...
}

@Entity
public class Requirements {
    @Id
    protected long id;

    @Lob
    protected String description;

    @OneToOne(fetch=FetchType.LAZY)
    protected Approval approval

    // ...
}
package jakarta.persistence;

/**
 * A class that implements this interface can be used to convert
 * entity attribute state into database column representation
 * and back again.
 * Note that the X and Y types may be the same Java type.
 *
 * @param <X> the type of the entity attribute
 * @param <Y> the type of the database column
 */
public interface AttributeConverter<X,Y> {

    /**
     * Converts the value stored in the entity attribute into the
     * data representation to be stored in the database.
     *
     * @param attribute  the entity attribute value to be converted
     * @return  the converted data to be stored in the database
     *          column
     */
    public Y convertToDatabaseColumn (X attribute);

    /**
     * Converts the data stored in the database column into the
     * value to be stored in the entity attribute.
     * Note that it is the responsibility of the converter writer to
     * specify the correct <code>dbData</code> type for the corresponding
     * column for use by the JDBC driver: i.e., persistence providers are
     * not expected to do such type conversion.
     *
     * @param dbData  the data from the database column to be
     *                converted
     * @return  the converted value to be stored in the entity
     *          attribute
     */
    public X convertToEntityAttribute (Y dbData);
}
package jakarta.persistence;

/**
 * Used as the value of the
 * <code>jakarta.persistence.cache.retrieveMode</code> property to
 * specify the behavior when data is retrieved by the
 * <code>find</code> methods and by queries.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public enum CacheRetrieveMode {

    /**
     * Read entity data from the cache: this is
     * the default behavior.
     */
    USE,

    /**
     * Bypass the cache: get data directly from
     * the database.
     */
    BYPASS
}
package jakarta.persistence;

/**
 * Used as the value of the
 * <code>jakarta.persistence.cache.storeMode</code> property to specify
 * the behavior when data is read from the database and when data is
 * committed into the database.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public enum CacheStoreMode {

    /**
     * Insert entity data into cache when read from database
     * and insert/update entity data when committed into database:
     * this is the default behavior. Does not force refresh
     * of already cached items when reading from database.
     */
    USE,

    /**
     * Don't insert into cache.
     */
    BYPASS,

    /**
     * Insert/update entity data into cache when read
     * from database and when committed into database.
     * Forces refresh of cache for items read from database.
     */
    REFRESH
}
package jakarta.persistence;

import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

/**
 * Interface used to control query execution.
 *
 * @see TypedQuery
 * @see StoredProcedureQuery
 * @see Parameter
 *
 * @since 1.0
 */
public interface Query {

    /**
     * Execute a SELECT query and return the query results
     * as an untyped List.
     * @return a list of the results
     * @throws IllegalStateException if called for a Jakarta
     *         Persistence query language UPDATE or DELETE statement
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if a lock mode other than
     *         <code>NONE</code> has been set and there is no transaction
     *         or the persistence context has not been joined to the transaction
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    List getResultList();

    /**
     * Execute a SELECT query and return the query results
     * as an untyped <code>java.util.stream.Stream</code>.
     * By default this method delegates to <code>getResultList().stream()</code>,
     * however persistence provider may choose to override this method
     * to provide additional capabilities.
     *
     * @return a stream of the results
     * @throws IllegalStateException if called for a Jakarta
     *         Persistence query language UPDATE or DELETE statement
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if a lock mode other than
     *         <code>NONE</code> has been set and there is no transaction
     *         or the persistence context has not been joined to the transaction
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     * @see Stream
     * @see #getResultList()
     * @since 2.2
     */
    default Stream getResultStream() {
        return getResultList().stream();
    }

    /**
     * Execute a SELECT query that returns a single untyped result.
     * @return the result
     * @throws NoResultException if there is no result
     * @throws NonUniqueResultException if more than one result
     * @throws IllegalStateException if called for a Jakarta
     *         Persistence query language UPDATE or DELETE statement
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if a lock mode other than
     *         <code>NONE</code> has been set and there is no transaction
     *         or the persistence context has not been joined to the transaction
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    Object getSingleResult();

    /**
     * Execute an update or delete statement.
     * @return the number of entities updated or deleted
     * @throws IllegalStateException if called for a Jakarta
     *         Persistence query language SELECT statement or for
     *         a criteria query
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is
     *         no transaction or the persistence context has not
     *         been joined to the transaction
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the statement execution
     *         exceeds the query timeout value set and only
     *         the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    int executeUpdate();

    /**
     * Set the maximum number of results to retrieve.
     * @param maxResult  maximum number of results to retrieve
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the argument is negative
     */
    Query setMaxResults(int maxResult);

    /**
     * The maximum number of results the query object was set to
     * retrieve. Returns <code>Integer.MAX_VALUE</code> if <code>setMaxResults</code> was not
     * applied to the query object.
     * @return maximum number of results
     * @since 2.0
     */
    int getMaxResults();

    /**
     * Set the position of the first result to retrieve.
     * @param startPosition position of the first result,
     * numbered from 0
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the argument is negative
     */
    Query setFirstResult(int startPosition);

    /**
     * The position of the first result the query object was set to
     * retrieve. Returns 0 if <code>setFirstResult</code> was not applied to the
     * query object.
     * @return position of the first result
     * @since 2.0
     */
    int getFirstResult();

    /**
     * Set a query property or hint. The hints elements may be used
     * to specify query properties and hints. Properties defined by
     * this specification must be observed by the provider.
     * Vendor-specific hints that are not recognized by a provider
     * must be silently ignored. Portable applications should not
     * rely on the standard timeout hint. Depending on the database
     * in use and the locking mechanisms used by the provider,
     * this hint may or may not be observed.
     * @param hintName  name of the property or hint
     * @param value  value for the property or hint
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the second argument is not
     *         valid for the implementation
     */
    Query setHint(String hintName, Object value);

    /**
     * Get the properties and hints and associated values that are
     * in effect for the query instance.
     * @return query properties and hints
     * @since 2.0
     */
    Map<String, Object> getHints();

    /**
     * Bind the value of a <code>Parameter</code> object.
     * @param param  parameter object
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter
     *         does not correspond to a parameter of the
     *         query
     * @since 2.0
     */
    <T> Query setParameter(Parameter<T> param, T value);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Calendar</code> to a <code>Parameter</code> object.
     * @param param parameter object
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter does not
     *         correspond to a parameter of the query
     * @since 2.0
     */
    Query setParameter(Parameter<Calendar> param, Calendar value,
                       TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Date</code> to a <code>Parameter</code> object.
     * @param param parameter object
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter does not
     *         correspond to a parameter of the query
     * @since 2.0
     */
    Query setParameter(Parameter<Date> param, Date value,
                       TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an argument value to a named parameter.
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter name does
     *         not correspond to a parameter of the query or if
     *         the argument is of incorrect type
     */
    Query setParameter(String name, Object value);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Calendar</code> to a named parameter.
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter name does
     *         not correspond to a parameter of the query or if
     *         the value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    Query setParameter(String name, Calendar value,
                       TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Date</code> to a named parameter.
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter name does
     *         not correspond to a parameter of the query or if
     *         the value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    Query setParameter(String name, Date value,
                       TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an argument value to a positional parameter.
     * @param position  position
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if position does not
     *         correspond to a positional parameter of the
     *         query or if the argument is of incorrect type
     */
    Query setParameter(int position, Object value);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Calendar</code> to a positional
     * parameter.
     * @param position  position
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if position does not
     *         correspond to a positional parameter of the query or
     *         if the value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    Query setParameter(int position, Calendar value,
                       TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Date</code> to a positional parameter.
     * @param position  position
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if position does not
     *         correspond to a positional parameter of the query or
     *         if the value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    Query setParameter(int position, Date value,
                       TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Get the parameter objects corresponding to the declared
     * parameters of the query.
     * Returns empty set if the query has no parameters.
     * This method is not required to be supported for native
     * queries.
     * @return set of the parameter objects
     * @throws IllegalStateException if invoked on a native
     *         query when the implementation does not support
     *         this use
     * @since 2.0
     */
    Set<Parameter<?>> getParameters();

    /**
     * Get the parameter object corresponding to the declared
     * parameter of the given name.
     * This method is not required to be supported for native
     * queries.
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @return parameter object
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter of the
     *         specified name does not exist
     * @throws IllegalStateException if invoked on a native
     *         query when the implementation does not support
     *         this use
     * @since 2.0
     */
    Parameter<?> getParameter(String name);

    /**
     * Get the parameter object corresponding to the declared
     * parameter of the given name and type.
     * This method is required to be supported for criteria queries
     * only.
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @param type  type
     * @return parameter object
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter of the
     *         specified name does not exist or is not assignable
     *         to the type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if invoked on a native
     *         query or Jakarta Persistence query language query when
     *         the implementation does not support this use
     * @since 2.0
     */
    <T> Parameter<T> getParameter(String name, Class<T> type);

    /**
     * Get the parameter object corresponding to the declared
     * positional parameter with the given position.
     * This method is not required to be supported for native
     * queries.
     * @param position  position
     * @return parameter object
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter with the
     *         specified position does not exist
     * @throws IllegalStateException if invoked on a native
     *         query when the implementation does not support
     *         this use
     * @since 2.0
     */
    Parameter<?> getParameter(int position);

    /**
     * Get the parameter object corresponding to the declared
     * positional parameter with the given position and type.
     * This method is not required to be supported by the provider.
     * @param position  position
     * @param type  type
     * @return parameter object
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter with the
     *         specified position does not exist or is not assignable
     *         to the type
     * @throws IllegalStateException if invoked on a native
     *         query or Jakarta Persistence query language query when
     *         the implementation does not support this use
     * @since 2.0
     */
    <T> Parameter<T> getParameter(int position, Class<T> type);

    /**
     * Return a boolean indicating whether a value has been bound
     * to the parameter.
     * @param param parameter object
     * @return boolean indicating whether parameter has been bound
     * @since 2.0
     */
    boolean isBound(Parameter<?> param);

    /**
     * Return the input value bound to the parameter.
     * (Note that OUT parameters are unbound.)
     * @param param parameter object
     * @return parameter value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter is not
     *         a parameter of the query
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the parameter has not been
     *         been bound
     * @since 2.0
     */
    <T> T getParameterValue(Parameter<T> param);

    /**
     * Return the input value bound to the named parameter.
     * (Note that OUT parameters are unbound.)
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @return parameter value
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the parameter has not been
     *         been bound
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter of the
     *         specified name does not exist
     * @since 2.0
     */
    Object getParameterValue(String name);

    /**
     * Return the input value bound to the positional parameter.
     * (Note that OUT parameters are unbound.)
     * @param position  position
     * @return parameter value
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the parameter has not been
     *         been bound
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter with the
     *         specified position does not exist
     * @since 2.0
     */
    Object getParameterValue(int position);

    /**
     * Set the flush mode type to be used for the query execution.
     * The flush mode type applies to the query regardless of the
     * flush mode type in use for the entity manager.
     * @param flushMode  flush mode
     * @return the same query instance
     */
    Query setFlushMode(FlushModeType flushMode);

    /**
     * Get the flush mode in effect for the query execution.
     * If a flush mode has not been set for the query object,
     * returns the flush mode in effect for the entity manager.
     * @return flush mode
     * @since 2.0
     */
    FlushModeType getFlushMode();

    /**
     * Set the lock mode type to be used for the query execution.
     * @param lockMode  lock mode
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the query is found not to be
     *         a Jakarta Persistence query language SELECT query
     *         or a CriteriaQuery query
     * @since 2.0
     */
    Query setLockMode(LockModeType lockMode);

    /**
     * Get the current lock mode for the query.  Returns null if a lock
     * mode has not been set on the query object.
     * @return lock mode
     * @throws IllegalStateException if the query is found not to be
     *         a Jakarta Persistence query language SELECT query or
     *         a Criteria API query
     * @since 2.0
     */
    LockModeType getLockMode();

    /**
     * Return an object of the specified type to allow access to
     * the provider-specific API.  If the provider's query
     * implementation does not support the specified class, the
     * <code>PersistenceException</code> is thrown.
     * @param cls  the class of the object to be returned.  This is
     *             normally either the underlying query
     *             implementation class or an interface that it
     *             implements.
     * @return an instance of the specified class
     * @throws PersistenceException if the provider does not support
     *         the call
     * @since 2.0
     */
    <T> T unwrap(Class<T> cls);
}
package jakarta.persistence;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

/**
 * Interface used to control the execution of typed queries.
 * @param <X> query result type
 *
 * @see Query
 * @see Parameter
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface TypedQuery<X> extends Query {

    /**
     * Execute a SELECT query and return the query results
     * as a typed List.
     * @return a list of the results
     * @throws IllegalStateException if called for a Jakarta
     *         Persistence query language UPDATE or DELETE statement
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if a lock mode other than
     *         <code>NONE</code> has been set and there is no transaction
     *         or the persistence context has not been joined to the
     *         transaction
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    List<X> getResultList();

    /**
     * Execute a SELECT query and return the query results
     * as a typed <code>java.util.stream.Stream</code>.
     * By default this method delegates to <code>getResultList().stream()</code>,
     * however persistence provider may choose to override this method
     * to provide additional capabilities.
     *
     * @return a stream of the results
     * @throws IllegalStateException if called for a Jakarta
     *         Persistence query language UPDATE or DELETE statement
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if a lock mode other than
     *         <code>NONE</code> has been set and there is no transaction
     *         or the persistence context has not been joined to the transaction
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     * @see Stream
     * @see #getResultList()
     * @since 2.2
     */
    default Stream<X> getResultStream() {
        return getResultList().stream();
    }

    /**
     * Execute a SELECT query that returns a single result.
     * @return the result
     * @throws NoResultException if there is no result
     * @throws NonUniqueResultException if more than one result
     * @throws IllegalStateException if called for a Jakarta
     *         Persistence query language UPDATE or DELETE statement
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if a lock mode other than
     *         <code>NONE</code> has been set and there is no transaction
     *         or the persistence context has not been joined to the
     *         transaction
     * @throws PessimisticLockException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and the transaction is rolled back
     * @throws LockTimeoutException if pessimistic locking
     *         fails and only the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    X getSingleResult();

    /**
     * Set the maximum number of results to retrieve.
     * @param maxResult  maximum number of results to retrieve
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the argument is negative
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setMaxResults(int maxResult);

    /**
     * Set the position of the first result to retrieve.
     * @param startPosition position of the first result,
     *        numbered from 0
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the argument is negative
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setFirstResult(int startPosition);

    /**
     * Set a query property or hint. The hints elements may be used
     * to specify query properties and hints. Properties defined by
     * this specification must be observed by the provider.
     * Vendor-specific hints that are not recognized by a provider
     * must be silently ignored. Portable applications should not
     * rely on the standard timeout hint. Depending on the database
     * in use and the locking mechanisms used by the provider,
     * this hint may or may not be observed.
     * @param hintName  name of property or hint
     * @param value  value for the property or hint
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the second argument is not
     *         valid for the implementation
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setHint(String hintName, Object value);

    /**
     * Bind the value of a <code>Parameter</code> object.
     * @param param  parameter object
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter
     *         does not correspond to a parameter of the
     *         query
     */
     <T> TypedQuery<X> setParameter(Parameter<T> param, T value);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Calendar</code> to a <code>Parameter</code> object.
     * @param param  parameter object
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter does not
     *         correspond to a parameter of the query
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setParameter(Parameter<Calendar> param,
                               Calendar value,
                               TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Date</code> to a <code>Parameter</code> object.
     * @param param  parameter object
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter does not
     *         correspond to a parameter of the query
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setParameter(Parameter<Date> param, Date value,
                               TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an argument value to a named parameter.
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter name does
     *         not correspond to a parameter of the query or if
     *         the argument is of incorrect type
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setParameter(String name, Object value);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Calendar</code> to a named parameter.
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter name does
     *         not correspond to a parameter of the query or if
     *         the value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setParameter(String name, Calendar value,
                               TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Date</code> to a named parameter.
     * @param name   parameter name
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter name does
     *         not correspond to a parameter of the query or if
     *         the value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setParameter(String name, Date value,
                               TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an argument value to a positional parameter.
     * @param position  position
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if position does not
     *         correspond to a positional parameter of the
     *         query or if the argument is of incorrect type
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setParameter(int position, Object value);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Calendar</code> to a positional
     * parameter.
     * @param position  position
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if position does not
     *         correspond to a positional parameter of the query
     *         or if the value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setParameter(int position, Calendar value,
                               TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Date</code> to a positional parameter.
     * @param position  position
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if position does not
     *         correspond to a positional parameter of the query
     *         or if the value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    TypedQuery<X> setParameter(int position, Date value,
                               TemporalType temporalType);

     /**
      * Set the flush mode type to be used for the query execution.
      * The flush mode type applies to the query regardless of the
      * flush mode type in use for the entity manager.
      * @param flushMode  flush mode
      * @return the same query instance
      */
     TypedQuery<X> setFlushMode(FlushModeType flushMode);

     /**
      * Set the lock mode type to be used for the query execution.
      * @param lockMode  lock mode
      * @return the same query instance
      * @throws IllegalStateException if the query is found not to
      *         be a Jakarta Persistence query language SELECT query
      *         or a CriteriaQuery query
      */
     TypedQuery<X> setLockMode(LockModeType lockMode);

}
package jakarta.persistence;

import java.util.List;

/**
 * Interface for extracting the elements of a query result tuple.
 *
 * @see TupleElement
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Tuple {

    /**
     * Get the value of the specified tuple element.
     * @param tupleElement  tuple element
     * @return value of tuple element
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if tuple element
     *         does not correspond to an element in the
     *         query result tuple
     */
    <X> X get(TupleElement<X> tupleElement);

    /**
     * Get the value of the tuple element to which the
     * specified alias has been assigned.
     * @param alias  alias assigned to tuple element
     * @param type of the tuple element
     * @return value of the tuple element
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if alias
     *         does not correspond to an element in the
     *         query result tuple or element cannot be
     *         assigned to the specified type
     */
    <X> X get(String alias, Class<X> type);

    /**
     * Get the value of the tuple element to which the
     * specified alias has been assigned.
     * @param alias  alias assigned to tuple element
     * @return value of the tuple element
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if alias
     *         does not correspond to an element in the
     *         query result tuple
     */
    Object get(String alias);

    /**
     * Get the value of the element at the specified
     * position in the result tuple. The first position is 0.
     * @param i  position in result tuple
     * @param type  type of the tuple element
     * @return value of the tuple element
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if i exceeds
     *         length of result tuple  or element cannot be
     *         assigned to the specified type
     */
    <X> X get(int i, Class<X> type);

    /**
     * Get the value of the element at the specified
     * position in the result tuple. The first position is 0.
     * @param i  position in result tuple
     * @return value of the tuple element
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if i exceeds
     *         length of result tuple
     */
    Object get(int i);

    /**
     * Return the values of the result tuple elements as an array.
     * @return tuple element values
     */
    Object[] toArray();

    /**
     * Return the tuple elements.
     * @return tuple elements
     */
    List<TupleElement<?>> getElements();
}
package jakarta.persistence;

/**
 * The <code>TupleElement</code> interface defines an element that is returned in
 * a query result tuple.
 * @param <X> the type of the element
 *
 * @see Tuple
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface TupleElement<X> {

    /**
     * Return the Java type of the tuple element.
     * @return the Java type of the tuple element
     */
    Class<? extends X> getJavaType();

    /**
     * Return the alias assigned to the tuple element or null,
     * if no alias has been assigned.
     * @return alias
     */
    String getAlias();
}
package jakarta.persistence;

/**
 * Type for query parameter objects.
 * @param <T> the type of the parameter
 *
 * @see Query
 * @see TypedQuery
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Parameter<T> {

    /**
     * Return the parameter name, or null if the parameter is
     * not a named parameter or no name has been assigned.
     * @return parameter name
     */
    String getName();

    /**
     * Return the parameter position, or null if the parameter
     * is not a positional parameter.
     * @return position of parameter
     */
    Integer getPosition();

    /**
     * Return the Java type of the parameter. Values bound to the
     * parameter must be assignable to this type.
     * This method is required to be supported for criteria queries
     * only.   Applications that use this method for Jakarta
     * Persistence query language queries and native queries will
     * not be portable.
     * @return the Java type of the parameter
     * @throws IllegalStateException if invoked on a parameter
     *         obtained from a query language
     *         query or native query when the implementation does
     *         not support this use
     */
     Class<T> getParameterType();
}
package jakarta.persistence;

import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * Interface used to control stored procedure query execution.
 *
 * 
 * Stored procedure query execution may be controlled in accordance with
 * the following:
 * <ul>
 * <li>The <code>setParameter</code> methods are used to set the values of
 * all required <code>IN</code> and <code>INOUT</code> parameters.
 * It is not required to set the values of stored procedure parameters
 * for which default values have been defined by the stored procedure.</li>
 * <li>
 * When <code>getResultList</code> and <code>getSingleResult</code> are
 * called on a <code>StoredProcedureQuery</code> object, the provider
 * will call <code>execute</code> on an unexecuted stored procedure
 * query before processing <code>getResultList</code> or
 * <code>getSingleResult</code>.</li>
 * <li>
 * When <code>executeUpdate</code> is called on a
 * <code>StoredProcedureQuery</code> object, the provider will call
 * <code>execute</code> on an unexecuted stored procedure query
 * followed by <code>getUpdateCount</code>. The results of
 * <code>executeUpdate</code> will be those of <code>getUpdateCount</code>.</li>
 * <li>
 * The <code>execute</code> method supports both the simple case where
 * scalar results are passed back only via <code>INOUT</code> and
 * <code>OUT</code> parameters as well as the most general case
 * (multiple result sets and/or update counts, possibly also in
 * combination with output parameter values).</li>
 * <li>
 * The <code>execute</code> method returns true if the first result is a
 * result set, and false if it is an update count or there are no results
 * other than through <code>INOUT</code> and <code>OUT</code> parameters,
 * if any.</li>
 * <li>
 * If the <code>execute</code> method returns true, the pending result set
 * can be obtained by calling <code>getResultList</code> or
 * <code>getSingleResult</code>.</li>
 * <li>
 * The <code>hasMoreResults</code> method can then be used to test
 * for further results.</li>
 * <li>
 * If <code>execute</code> or <code>hasMoreResults</code> returns false,
 * the <code>getUpdateCount</code> method can be called to obtain the
 * pending result if it is an update count. The <code>getUpdateCount</code>
 * method will return either the update count (zero or greater) or -1
 * if there is no update count (i.e., either the next result is a result set
 * or there is no next update count).</li>
 * <li>
 * For portability, results that correspond to JDBC result sets and
 * update counts need to be processed before the values of any
 * <code>INOUT</code> or <code>OUT</code> parameters are extracted.</li>
 * <li>
 * After results returned through <code>getResultList</code> and
 * <code>getUpdateCount</code> have been exhausted, results returned through
 * <code>INOUT</code> and <code>OUT</code> parameters can be retrieved.</li>
 * <li>
 * The <code>getOutputParameterValue</code> methods are used to retrieve
 * the values passed back from the procedure through <code>INOUT</code>
 * and <code>OUT</code> parameters.</li>
 * <li>
 * When using <code>REF_CURSOR</code> parameters for result sets the
 * update counts should be exhausted before calling <code>getResultList</code>
 * to retrieve the result set. Alternatively, the <code>REF_CURSOR</code>
 * result set can be retrieved through <code>getOutputParameterValue</code>.
 * Result set mappings will be applied to results corresponding to
 * <code>REF_CURSOR</code> parameters in the order the <code>REF_CURSOR</code>
 * parameters were registered with the query.</li>
 * <li>
 * In the simplest case, where results are returned only via
 * <code>INOUT</code> and <code>OUT</code> parameters, <code>execute</code>
 * can be followed immediately by calls to
 * <code>getOutputParameterValue</code>.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * @see Query
 * @see Parameter
 *
 * @since 2.1
 */
public interface StoredProcedureQuery extends Query {

    /**
     * Set a query property or hint. The hints elements may be used
     * to specify query properties and hints. Properties defined by
     * this specification must be observed by the provider.
     * Vendor-specific hints that are not recognized by a provider
     * must be silently ignored. Portable applications should not
     * rely on the standard timeout hint. Depending on the database
     * in use, this hint may or may not be observed.
     * @param hintName  name of the property or hint
     * @param value  value for the property or hint
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the second argument is not
     *         valid for the implementation
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery setHint(String hintName, Object value);

    /**
     * Bind the value of a <code>Parameter</code> object.
     * @param param  parameter object
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter does not
     *         correspond to a parameter of the query
     */
    <T> StoredProcedureQuery setParameter(Parameter<T> param,
                                          T value);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Calendar</code> to a <code>Parameter</code> object.
     * @param param parameter object
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter does not
     *         correspond to a parameter of the query
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery setParameter(Parameter<Calendar> param,
                                      Calendar value,
                                      TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Date</code> to a <code>Parameter</code> object.
     * @param param parameter object
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter does not
     *         correspond to a parameter of the query
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery setParameter(Parameter<Date> param,
                                      Date value,
                                      TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an argument value to a named parameter.
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter name does
     *         not correspond to a parameter of the query or if the
     *         argument is of incorrect type
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery setParameter(String name, Object value);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Calendar</code> to a named parameter.
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter name does
     *         not correspond to a parameter of the query or if the
     *         value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery setParameter(String name,
                                      Calendar value,
                                      TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Date</code> to a named parameter.
     * @param name  parameter name
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter name does
     *         not correspond to a parameter of the query or if the
     *         value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery setParameter(String name,
                                      Date value,
                                      TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an argument value to a positional parameter.
     * @param position  position
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if position does not
     *         correspond to a positional parameter of the query
     *         or if the argument is of incorrect type
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery setParameter(int position, Object value);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Calendar</code> to a positional
     * parameter.
     * @param position  position
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if position does not
     *         correspond to a positional parameter of the query or
     *         if the value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery setParameter(int position,
                                      Calendar value,
                                      TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Bind an instance of <code>java.util.Date</code> to a positional parameter.
     * @param position  position
     * @param value  parameter value
     * @param temporalType  temporal type
     * @return the same query instance
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if position does not
     *         correspond to a positional parameter of the query or
     *         if the value argument is of incorrect type
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery setParameter(int position,
                                      Date value,
                                      TemporalType temporalType);

    /**
     * Set the flush mode type to be used for the query execution.
     * The flush mode type applies to the query regardless of the
     * flush mode type in use for the entity manager.
     * @param flushMode  flush mode
     * @return the same query instance
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery setFlushMode(FlushModeType flushMode);

    /**
     * Register a positional parameter.
     * All parameters must be registered.
     * @param position  parameter position
     * @param type  type of the parameter
     * @param mode  parameter mode
     * @return the same query instance
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery registerStoredProcedureParameter(
          int position,
          Class type,
          ParameterMode mode);

    /**
     * Register a named parameter.
     * @param parameterName  name of the parameter as registered or
     *             specified in metadata
     * @param type  type of the parameter
     * @param mode  parameter mode
     * @return the same query instance
     */
    StoredProcedureQuery registerStoredProcedureParameter(
          String parameterName,
          Class type,
          ParameterMode mode);

    /**
     *  Retrieve a value passed back from the procedure
     *  through an INOUT or OUT parameter.
     *  For portability, all results corresponding to result sets
     *  and update counts must be retrieved before the values of
     *  output parameters.
     *  @param position  parameter position
     *  @return the result that is passed back through the parameter
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if the position does
     *          not correspond to a parameter of the query or is
     *          not an INOUT or OUT parameter
     */
    Object getOutputParameterValue(int position);

    /**
     *  Retrieve a value passed back from the procedure
     *  through an INOUT or OUT parameter.
     *  For portability, all results corresponding to result sets
     *  and update counts must be retrieved before the values of
     *  output parameters.
     *  @param parameterName  name of the parameter as registered or
     *              specified in metadata
     *  @return the result that is passed back through the parameter
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if the parameter name does
     *          not correspond to a parameter of the query or is
     *          not an INOUT or OUT parameter
     */
    Object getOutputParameterValue(String parameterName);

    /**
     * Return true if the first result corresponds to a result set,
     * and false if it is an update count or if there are no results
     * other than through INOUT and OUT parameters, if any.
     * @return  true if first result corresponds to result set
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    boolean execute();

    /**
     * Return the update count of -1 if there is no pending result or
     * if the first result is not an update count.  The provider will
     * call <code>execute</code> on the query if needed.
     * @return the update count or -1 if there is no pending result
     * or if the next result is not an update count.
     * @throws TransactionRequiredException if there is
     *         no transaction or the persistence context has not
     *         been joined to the transaction
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the statement execution
     *         exceeds the query timeout value set and only
     *         the statement is rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    int executeUpdate();

    /**
     * Retrieve the list of results from the next result set.
     * The provider will call <code>execute</code> on the query
     * if needed.
     * A <code>REF_CURSOR</code> result set, if any, will be retrieved
     * in the order the <code>REF_CURSOR</code> parameter was
     * registered with the query.
     * @return a list of the results or null is the next item is not
     * a result set
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    List getResultList();

    /**
     * Retrieve a single result from the next result set.
     * The provider will call <code>execute</code> on the query
     * if needed.
     * A <code>REF_CURSOR</code> result set, if any, will be retrieved
     * in the order the <code>REF_CURSOR</code> parameter was
     * registered with the query.
     * @return the result or null if the next item is not a result set
     * @throws NoResultException if there is no result in the next
     *         result set
     * @throws NonUniqueResultException if more than one result
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    Object getSingleResult();

    /**
     * Return true if the next result corresponds to a result set,
     * and false if it is an update count or if there are no results
     * other than through INOUT and OUT parameters, if any.
     * @return  true if next result corresponds to result set
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    boolean hasMoreResults();

    /**
     * Return the update count or  -1 if there is no pending result
     * or if the next result is not an update count.
     * @return  update count or -1 if there is no pending result or if
     *          the next result is not an update count
     * @throws QueryTimeoutException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and only the statement is
     *         rolled back
     * @throws PersistenceException if the query execution exceeds
     *         the query timeout value set and the transaction
     *         is rolled back
     */
    int getUpdateCount();

}
public List findWithName(String name) {
    return em.createQuery("SELECT c FROM Customer c WHERE c.name LIKE :custName")
        .setParameter("custName", name)
        .setMaxResults(10)
        .getResultList();
}
package jakarta.persistence;

public enum FlushModeType {

    /**
     * Flushing to occur at transaction commit.  The provider may flush
     * at other times, but is not required to.
     */
    COMMIT,

    /**
     * (Default) Flushing to occur at query execution.
     */
    AUTO
}
jakarta.persistence.query.timeout // time in milliseconds
@NamedQuery(
    name="findAllCustomersWithName",
    query="SELECT c FROM Customer c WHERE c.name LIKE :custName"
)
@PersistenceContext
public EntityManager em;
    // ...

    customers = em.createNamedQuery("findAllCustomersWithName")
        .setParameter("custName", "Smith")
        .getResultList();
select avg(e.salary) from Employee e where e.salary > 80000
Query q = em.createNativeQuery(
    "SELECT o.id, o.quantity, o.item " +
        "FROM Order o, Item i " +
        "WHERE (o.item = i.id) AND (i.name = 'widget')",
    com.acme.Order.class);
@SqlResultSetMapping(
    name="WidgetOrderResults",
    entities=@EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Order.class))
Query q = em.createNativeQuery(
    "SELECT o.id, o.quantity, o.item " +
        "FROM Order o, Item i " +
        "WHERE (o.item = i.id) AND (i.name = 'widget')",
    "WidgetOrderResults");
Query q = em.createNativeQuery(
    "SELECT o.id, o.quantity, o.item, i.id, i.name, i.description " +
        "FROM Order o, Item i " +
        "WHERE (o.quantity > 25) AND (o.item = i.id)",
    "OrderItemResults");

@SqlResultSetMapping(name="OrderItemResults", entities={
    @EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Order.class),
    @EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Item.class)
})
Query q = em.createNativeQuery(
    "SELECT o.id AS order_id, " +
        "o.quantity AS order_quantity, " +
        "o.item AS order_item, " +
        "i.id, i.name, i.description " +
        "FROM Order o, Item i " +
        "WHERE (order_quantity > 25) AND (order_item = i.id)",
    "OrderItemResults");

@SqlResultSetMapping(name="OrderItemResults", entities={
    @EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Order.class, fields={
        @FieldResult(name="id", column="order_id"),
        @FieldResult(name="quantity", column="order_quantity"),
        @FieldResult(name="item", column="order_item")}),
    @EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Item.class)
})
Query q = em.createNativeQuery(
    "SELECT c.id AS customer_id, " +
        "c.street AS customer_street, " +
        "c.city AS customer_city, " +
        "c.state AS customer_state, " +
        "c.status AS customer_status " +
        "FROM Customer c " +
        "WHERE c.status = 'GOLD' ",
    "CustomerResults");

@SqlResultSetMapping(name=”CustomerResults”, entities={
    @EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Customer.class, fields={
        @FieldResult(name="id", column="customer_id"),
        @FieldResult(name="address.street", column="customer_street"),
        @FieldResult(name="address.city", column="customer_city"),
        @FieldResult(name="address.state", column="customer_state"),
        @FieldResult(name="status", column="customer_status")
    })
})
Query q = em.createNativeQuery(
    "SELECT o.id AS order_id, " +
        "o.quantity AS order_quantity, " +
        "o.item_id AS order_item_id, " +
        "o.item_name AS order_item_name, " +
        "i.id, i.name, i.description " +
        "FROM Order o, Item i " +
        "WHERE (order_quantity > 25) AND (order_item_id = i.id) " +
        "AND (order_item_name = i.name)",
    "OrderItemResults");

@SqlResultSetMapping(name="OrderItemResults", entities={
    @EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Order.class, fields={
        @FieldResult(name="id", column="order_id"),
        @FieldResult(name="quantity", column="order_quantity"),
        @FieldResult(name="item.id", column="order_item_id")}),
        @FieldResult(name="item.name", column="order_item_name")}),
    @EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Item.class)
})
Query q = em.createNativeQuery(
    "SELECT o.id AS order_id, " +
        "o.quantity AS order_quantity, " +
        "o.item_id AS order_item_id, " +
        "o.item_name AS order_item_name, " +
        "i.id, i.name, i.description " +
        "FROM Order o, Item i " +
        "WHERE (order_quantity > 25) AND (order_item_id = i.id) AND (order_item_name = i.name)",
    "OrderItemResults");

@SqlResultSetMapping(name="OrderItemResults", entities={
    @EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Order.class, fields={
        @FieldResult(name="id", column="order_id"),
        @FieldResult(name="quantity", column="order_quantity"),
        @FieldResult(name="item.itemPk.id", column="order_item_id")}),
        @FieldResult(name="item.itemPk.name", column="order_item_name")}),
    @EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Item.class)
})
Query q = em.createNativeQuery(
    "SELECT o.id AS order_id, " +
        "o.quantity AS order_quantity, " +
        "o.item AS order_item, " +
        "i.name AS item_name, " +
        "i.availabilityDate AS item_shipdate " +
        "FROM Order o, Item i " +
        "WHERE (order_quantity > 25) AND (order_item = i.id)",
    "OrderResults");

@SqlResultSetMapping(
    name="OrderResults",
    entities={
        @EntityResult(entityClass=com.acme.Order.class, fields={
            @FieldResult(name="id", column="order_id"),
            @FieldResult(name="quantity", column="order_quantity"),
            @FieldResult(name="item", column="order_item")}
        )},
    columns={
        @ColumnResult(name="item_name"),
        @ColumnResult(name="item_shipdate", type=java.util.Date.class)
    })
Query q = em.createNativeQuery(
    "SELECT c.id, c.name, COUNT(o) as orderCount, AVG(o.price) AS avgOrder " +
        "FROM Customer c, Orders o " +
        "WHERE o.cid = c.id " +
        "GROUP BY c.id, c.name",
    "CustomerDetailsResult");

@SqlResultSetMapping(name="CustomerDetailsResult", classes={
    @ConstructorResult(targetClass=com.acme.CustomerDetails.class, columns={
        @ColumnResult(name="id"),
        @ColumnResult(name="name"),
        @ColumnResult(name="orderCount"),
        @ColumnResult(name="avgOrder", type=Double.class)})
})
QL_statement :: = select_statement | update_statement | delete_statement
select_statement :: = select_clause from_clause [where_clause] [groupby_clause] [having_clause] [orderby_clause]
update_statement :: = update_clause [where_clause]
delete_statement :: = delete_clause [where_clause]
SELECT DISTINCT o
FROM Order AS o JOIN o.lineItems AS l
WHERE l.shipped = FALSE
SELECT DISTINCT o
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems l JOIN l.product p
WHERE p.productType = 'office_supplies'
from_clause ::=
    FROM identification_variable_declaration
        {, {identification_variable_declaration | collection_member_declaration}}*

identification_variable_declaration ::= range_variable_declaration {join | fetch_join}*

range_variable_declaration ::= entity_name [AS] identification_variable

join ::= join_spec join_association_path_expression [AS] identification_variable [join_condition]

fetch_join ::= join_spec FETCH join_association_path_expression

join_association_path_expression ::=
    join_collection_valued_path_expression |
    join_single_valued_path_expression |
    TREAT(join_collection_valued_path_expression AS subtype) |
    TREAT(join_single_valued_path_expression AS subtype)

join_collection_valued_path_expression ::= identification_variable.{single_valued_embeddable_object_field.}*collection_valued_field

join_single_valued_path_expression ::= identification_variable.{single_valued_embeddable_object_field.}*single_valued_object_field

join_spec ::= [LEFT [OUTER] | INNER] JOIN

join_condition ::= ON conditional_expression

collection_member_declaration ::= IN (collection_valued_path_expression) [AS] identification_variable
SELECT DISTINCT o
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems l JOIN l.product p
WHERE p.productType = 'office_supplies'
range_variable_declaration ::= entity_name [AS] identification_variable
SELECT DISTINCT o1
FROM Order o1, Order o2
WHERE o1.quantity > o2.quantity AND
 o2.customer.lastname = 'Smith' AND
 o2.customer.firstname= 'John'
SELECT i.name, VALUE(p)
FROM Item i JOIN i.photos p
WHERE KEY(p) LIKE '%egret'
SELECT i.name, p
FROM Item i JOIN i.photos p
WHERE KEY(p) LIKE '%egret'
qualified_identification_variable ::=
    map_field_identification_variable |
    ENTRY(identification_variable)

map_field_identification_variable ::=
    KEY(identification_variable) |
    VALUE(identification_variable)
SELECT p.vendor
FROM Employee e JOIN e.contactInfo.phones p
WHERE e.contactInfo.address.zipcode = '95054'
SELECT p.vendor
FROM Employee e JOIN e.contactInfo c JOIN c.phones p
WHERE e.contactInfo.address.zipcode = '95054'
general_identification_variable ::=
    identification_variable |
    map_field_identification_variable
general_subpath ::= simple_subpath | treated_subpath{.single_valued_object_field}*

simple_subpath ::=
    general_identification_variable |
    general_identification_variable{.single_valued_object_field}*

treated_subpath ::= TREAT(general_subpath AS subtype)

single_valued_path_expression ::=
    qualified_identification_variable |
    TREAT(qualified_identification_variable AS subtype) |
    state_field_path_expression |
    single_valued_object_path_expression

state_field_path_expression ::= general_subpath.state_field

state_valued_path_expression ::= state_field_path_expression | general_identification_variable

single_valued_object_path_expression ::= general_subpath.single_valued_object_field

collection_valued_path_expression ::= general_subpath.collection_valued_field
SELECT DISTINCT l.product
FROM Order AS o JOIN o.lineItems l
SELECT c FROM Customer c, Employee e WHERE c.hatsize = e.shoesize
join ::= join_spec join_association_path_expression [AS] identification_variable [join_condition]

fetch_join ::= join_spec FETCH join_association_path_expression

join_association_path_expression ::=
    join_collection_valued_path_expression |
    join_single_valued_path_expression |
    TREAT(join_collection_valued_path_expression _AS_ subtype) |
    TREAT(join_single_valued_path_expression AS subtype)

join_collection_valued_path_expression ::=
    identification_variable.{single_valued_embeddable_object_field.}*collection_valued_field

join_single_valued_path_expression ::=
    identification_variable.{single_valued_embeddable_object_field.}*single_valued_object_field

join_spec ::= [LEFT [OUTER] | INNER] JOIN

join_condition ::= ON conditional_expression
[INNER] JOIN join_association_path_expression [AS] identification_variable [join_condition]
SELECT c FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o WHERE c.status = 1
SELECT c FROM Customer c INNER JOIN c.orders o WHERE c.status = 1
SELECT OBJECT(c) FROM Customer c, IN(c.orders) o WHERE c.status = 1
SELECT p.vendor
FROM Employee e JOIN e.contactInfo c JOIN c.phones p
WHERE c.address.zipcode = '95054'
LEFT [OUTER] JOIN join_association_path_expression [AS] identification_variable [join_condition]
SELECT s.name, COUNT(p)
FROM Suppliers s LEFT JOIN s.products p
GROUP BY s.name
SELECT s.name, COUNT(p.id)
FROM Suppliers s LEFT JOIN Products p
    ON s.id = p.supplierId
GROUP By s.name
SELECT s.name, COUNT(p)
FROM Suppliers s LEFT JOIN s.products p
    ON p.status = 'inStock'
GROUP BY s.name
SELECT s.name, COUNT(p.id)
FROM Suppliers s LEFT JOIN Products p
    ON s.id = p.supplierId AND p.status = 'inStock'
GROUP BY s.name
SELECT s.name, COUNT(p)
FROM Suppliers s LEFT JOIN s.products p
WHERE p.status = 'inStock'
GROUP BY s.name
fetch_join ::= [LEFT [OUTER] | INNER] JOIN FETCH join_association_path_expression
SELECT d
FROM Department d LEFT JOIN FETCH d.employees
WHERE d.deptno = 1
collection_member_declaration ::=
    IN (collection_valued_path_expression) [AS] identification_variable
SELECT DISTINCT o
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems l
WHERE l.product.productType = 'office_supplies'
SELECT DISTINCT o
FROM Order o, IN(o.lineItems) l
WHERE l.product.productType = 'office_supplies'
SELECT o
FROM Order AS o JOIN o.lineItems l JOIN l.product p
SELECT b.name, b.ISBN
FROM Order o JOIN TREAT(o.product AS Book) b

SELECT e FROM Employee e JOIN TREAT(e.projects AS LargeProject) lp
WHERE lp.budget > 1000

SELECT e FROM Employee e JOIN e.projects p
WHERE TREAT(p AS LargeProject).budget > 1000
    OR TREAT(p AS SmallProject).name LIKE 'Persist%'
    OR p.description LIKE "cost overrun"

SELECT e FROM Employee e
WHERE TREAT(e AS Exempt).vacationDays > 10
    OR TREAT(e AS Contractor).hours > 100
where_clause ::= WHERE conditional_expression
having_clause ::= HAVING conditional_expression
SELECT o
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o
WHERE c.name = 'Smith'
    AND o.submissionDate < {d '2008-12-31'}
SELECT c
FROM Customer c
WHERE c.status = :stat
conditional_expression ::= conditional_term | conditional_expression OR conditional_term
conditional_term ::= conditional_factor | conditional_term AND conditional_factor
conditional_factor ::= [NOT] conditional_primary
conditional_primary ::= simple_cond_expression | (conditional_expression)
simple_cond_expression ::=
    comparison_expression |
    between_expression |
    in_expression |
    like_expression |
    null_comparison_expression |
    empty_collection_comparison_expression |
    collection_member_expression |
    exists_expression
comparison_expression ::=
    string_expression comparison_operator {string_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    boolean_expression {= | <>} {boolean_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    enum_expression {= | <>} {enum_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    datetime_expression comparison_operator
        {datetime_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    entity_expression {= | <>} {entity_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    arithmetic_expression comparison_operator
        {arithmetic_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    entity_type_expression {= | <>} entity_type_expression}

comparison_operator ::= = | > | >= | < | <= | <>
item.cost * 1.08 <= 100.00
CONCAT(person.lastName, ', ', person.firstName)) = 'Jones, Sam'
TYPE(e) = ExemptEmployee
 between_expression ::=
    arithmetic_expression [NOT] BETWEEN arithmetic_expression AND arithmetic_expression |
    string_expression [NOT] BETWEEN string_expression AND string_expression |
    datetime_expression [NOT] BETWEEN datetime_expression AND datetime_expression
x BETWEEN y AND z
y <= x AND x <= z
p.age BETWEEN 15 and 19 is equivalent to p.age >= 15 AND p.age <= 19
p.age NOT BETWEEN 15 and 19 is equivalent to p.age < 15 OR p.age > 19
SELECT t
FROM CreditCard c JOIN c.transactionHistory t
WHERE c.holder.name = 'John Doe' AND INDEX(t) BETWEEN 0 AND 9
in_expression ::=
    {state_valued_path_expression | type_discriminator} [NOT] IN
        {(in_item {, in_item}*) | (subquery) | collection_valued_input_parameter}
in_item ::= literal | single_valued_input_parameter
o.country IN ('UK', 'US', 'France')
(o.country = 'UK') OR (o.country = 'US') OR (o.country = 'France')
o.country NOT IN ('UK', 'US', 'France')
NOT ((o.country = 'UK') OR (o.country = 'US') OR (o.country = 'France'))
like_expression ::=
    string_expression [NOT] LIKE pattern_value [ESCAPE escape_character]
null_comparison_expression ::=
    {single_valued_path_expression | input_parameter} IS [NOT] NULL
empty_collection_comparison_expression ::=
    collection_valued_path_expression IS [NOT] EMPTY
SELECT o
FROM Order o
WHERE o.lineItems IS EMPTY
collection_member_expression ::=
    entity_or_value_expression [NOT] MEMBER [OF] collection_valued_path_expression
entity_or_value_expression ::=
    single_valued_object_path_expression |
    state_valued_path_expression |
    simple_entity_or_value_expression
simple_entity_or_value_expression ::=
    identification_variable |
    input_parameter |
    literal
SELECT p
FROM Person p
WHERE 'Joe' MEMBER OF p.nicknames
exists_expression ::= [NOT] EXISTS (subquery)
SELECT DISTINCT emp
FROM Employee emp
WHERE EXISTS (
    SELECT spouseEmp
    FROM Employee spouseEmp
        WHERE spouseEmp = emp.spouse)
all_or_any_expression ::= {ALL | ANY | SOME} (subquery)
SELECT emp
FROM Employee emp
WHERE emp.salary > ALL (
    SELECT m.salary
    FROM Manager m
    WHERE m.department = emp.department)
subquery ::= simple_select_clause subquery_from_clause [where_clause]
    [groupby_clause] [having_clause]
simple_select_clause ::= SELECT [DISTINCT] simple_select_expression
subquery_from_clause ::=
    FROM subselect_identification_variable_declaration
        {, subselect_identification_variable_declaration |
            collection_member_declaration}*
subselect_identification_variable_declaration ::=
    identification_variable_declaration |
    derived_path_expression [AS] identification_variable {join}* |
    derived_collection_member_declaration
simple_select_expression ::=
    single_valued_path_expression |
    scalar_expression |
    aggregate_expression |
    identification_variable
derived_path_expression ::=
    general_derived_path.single_valued_object_field |
    general_derived_path.collection_valued_field
general_derived_path ::=
    simple_derived_path |
    treated_derived_path{.single_valued_object_field}*
simple_derived_path ::= superquery_identification_variable{.single_valued_object_field}*
treated_derived_path ::= TREAT(general_derived_path AS subtype)
derived_collection_member_declaration ::=
    IN superquery_identification_variable.{single_valued_object_field.}*collection_valued_field
SELECT DISTINCT emp
FROM Employee emp
WHERE EXISTS (
    SELECT spouseEmp
    FROM Employee spouseEmp
    WHERE spouseEmp = emp.spouse)
SELECT c
FROM Customer c
WHERE (SELECT AVG(o.price) FROM c.orders o) > 100

SELECT goodCustomer
FROM Customer goodCustomer
WHERE goodCustomer.balanceOwed < (
    SELECT AVG(c.balanceOwed)/2.0 FROM Customer c)
scalar_expression::=
    arithmetic_expression |
    string_expression |
    enum_expression |
    datetime_expression |
    boolean_expression |
    case_expression |
    entity_type_expression
functions_returning_strings ::=
    CONCAT(string_expression, string_expression {, string_expression}*) |
    SUBSTRING(string_expression,
              arithmetic_expression [, arithmetic_expression]) |
    TRIM([[trim_specification] [trim_character] FROM] string_expression) |
    LOWER(string_expression) |
    UPPER(string_expression)
trim_specification ::= LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH

functions_returning_numerics ::=
    LENGTH(string_expression) |
    LOCATE(string_expression, string_expression[, arithmetic_expression])
functions_returning_numerics ::=
    ABS(arithmetic_expression) |
    SQRT(arithmetic_expression) |
    MOD(arithmetic_expression, arithmetic_expression) |
    SIZE(collection_valued_path_expression) |
    INDEX(identification_variable)
SELECT w.name
FROM Course c JOIN c.studentWaitlist w
WHERE c.name = 'Calculus'
AND INDEX(w) = 0
functions_returning_datetime :=
    CURRENT_DATE |
    CURRENT_TIME |
    CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
function_invocation ::= FUNCTION(function_name {, function_arg}*)

function_arg ::=
    literal |
    state_valued_path_expression |
    input_parameter |
    scalar_expression
SELECT c
FROM Customer c
WHERE FUNCTION('hasGoodCredit', c.balance, c.creditLimit)
case_expression ::=
    general_case_expression |
    simple_case_expression |
    coalesce_expression |
    nullif_expression

general_case_expression ::=
    CASE when_clause {when_clause}* ELSE scalar_expression END
when_clause ::= WHEN conditional_expression THEN scalar_expression

simple_case_expression ::=
    CASE case_operand simple_when_clause {simple_when_clause}*
    ELSE scalar_expression
    END
case_operand ::= state_valued_path_expression | type_discriminator
simple_when_clause ::= WHEN scalar_expression THEN scalar_expression

coalesce_expression ::= COALESCE(scalar_expression {, scalar_expression}+)

nullif_expression ::= NULLIF(scalar_expression, scalar_expression)
UPDATE Employee e
SET e.salary =
    CASE WHEN e.rating = 1 THEN e.salary * 1.1
         WHEN e.rating = 2 THEN e.salary * 1.05
         ELSE e.salary * 1.01
    END

UPDATE Employee e
SET e.salary =
    CASE e.rating WHEN 1 THEN e.salary * 1.1
                  WHEN 2 THEN e.salary * 1.05
                  ELSE e.salary * 1.01
    END

SELECT e.name,
    CASE TYPE(e) WHEN Exempt THEN 'Exempt'
                 WHEN Contractor THEN 'Contractor'
                 WHEN Intern THEN 'Intern'
                 ELSE 'NonExempt'
    END
FROM Employee e
WHERE e.dept.name = 'Engineering'

SELECT e.name,
       f.name,
       CONCAT(CASE WHEN f.annualMiles > 50000 THEN 'Platinum '
                   WHEN f.annualMiles > 25000 THEN 'Gold '
                   ELSE ''
              END,
       'Frequent Flyer')
FROM Employee e JOIN e.frequentFlierPlan f
entity_type_expression ::=
    type_discriminator |
    entity_type_literal |
    input_parameter
type_discriminator ::=
    TYPE(general_identification_variable |
         single_valued_object_path_expression |
         input_parameter)
SELECT e
FROM Employee e
WHERE TYPE(e) IN (Exempt, Contractor)

SELECT e
FROM Employee e
WHERE TYPE(e) IN (:empType1, :empType2)

SELECT e
FROM Employee e
WHERE TYPE(e) IN :empTypes

SELECT TYPE(e)
FROM Employee e
WHERE TYPE(e) <> Exempt
groupby_clause ::= GROUP BY groupby_item {, groupby_item}*
groupby_item ::= single_valued_path_expression | identification_variable

having_clause ::= HAVING conditional_expression
SELECT c.status, AVG(c.filledOrderCount), COUNT(c)
FROM Customer c
GROUP BY c.status
HAVING c.status IN (1, 2)

SELECT c.country, COUNT(c)
FROM Customer c
GROUP BY c.country
HAVING COUNT(c) > 30

SELECT c, COUNT(o)
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o
GROUP BY c
HAVING COUNT(o) >= 5
select_clause ::= SELECT [DISTINCT] select_item {, select_item}*
select_item ::= select_expression [[AS] result_variable]
select_expression ::=
    single_valued_path_expression |
    scalar_expression |
    aggregate_expression |
    identification_variable |
    OBJECT(identification_variable) |
    constructor_expression
constructor_expression ::=
    NEW constructor_name (constructor_item {, constructor_item}*)
constructor_item ::=
    single_valued_path_expression |
    scalar_expression |
    aggregate_expression |
    identification_variable
aggregate_expression ::=
    {AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM} ([DISTINCT] state_valued_path_expression) |
     COUNT ([DISTINCT] identification_variable | state_valued_path_expression |
         single_valued_object_path_expression) |
     function_invocation
SELECT c.id, c.status
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o
WHERE o.count > 100
SELECT v.location.street, KEY(i).title, VALUE(i)
FROM VideoStore v JOIN v.videoInventory i
WHERE v.location.zipcode = '94301' AND VALUE(i) > 0
SELECT o.lineItems FROM Order AS o
SELECT c, COUNT(l) AS itemCount
FROM Customer c JOIN c.Orders o JOIN o.lineItems l
WHERE c.address.state = 'CA'
GROUP BY c
ORDER BY itemCount
SELECT NEW com.acme.example.CustomerDetails(c.id, c.status, o.count)
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o
WHERE o.count > 100
@Entity
public class Employee {
    @Id
    int id;

    Address address;

    // ...
}

@Embeddable
public class Address {
    String street;

    // ...

    @OneToOne
    Phone phone; // fetch=EAGER
}

@Entity
public class Phone {
    @Id
    int id;

    // ...

    @OneToOne(mappedBy="address.phone")
    Employee emp; // fetch=EAGER
}
SELECT e.address AS addr
FROM Employee e
SELECT AVG(o.quantity) FROM Order o
SELECT SUM(l.price)
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems l JOIN o.customer c
WHERE c.lastname = 'Smith' AND c.firstname = 'John'
SELECT COUNT(o) FROM Order o
SELECT COUNT(l.price)
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems l JOIN o.customer c
WHERE c.lastname = 'Smith' AND c.firstname = 'John'
SELECT COUNT(l)
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems l JOIN o.customer c
WHERE c.lastname = 'Smith' AND c.firstname = 'John' AND l.price IS NOT NULL
orderby_clause ::= ORDER BY orderby_item {, orderby_item}*
orderby_item ::=
    {state_field_path_expression | general_identification_variable | result_variable}
        [ASC | DESC]
SELECT o
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o JOIN c.address a
WHERE a.state = 'CA'
ORDER BY o.quantity DESC, o.totalcost

SELECT o.quantity, a.zipcode
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o JOIN c.address a
WHERE a.state = 'CA'
ORDER BY o.quantity, a.zipcode

SELECT o.quantity, o.cost*1.08 AS taxedCost, a.zipcode
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o JOIN c.address a
WHERE a.state = 'CA' AND a.county = 'Santa Clara'
ORDER BY o.quantity, taxedCost, a.zipcode

SELECT AVG(o.quantity) as q, a.zipcode
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o JOIN c.address a
WHERE a.state = 'CA'
GROUP BY a.zipcode
ORDER BY q DESC
SELECT p.product_name
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems l JOIN l.product p JOIN o.customer c
WHERE c.lastname = 'Smith' AND c.firstname = 'John'
ORDER BY p.price

SELECT p.product_name
FROM Order o, IN(o.lineItems) l JOIN o.customer c
WHERE c.lastname = 'Smith' AND c.firstname = 'John'
ORDER BY o.quantity
update_statement ::= update_clause [where_clause]
update_clause ::= UPDATE entity_name [[AS] identification_variable]
                  SET update_item {, update_item}*
update_item ::= [identification_variable.]{single_valued_embeddable_object_field.}*
    {state_field | single_valued_object_field} = new_value
new_value ::=
    scalar_expression |
    simple_entity_expression |
    NULL

delete_statement ::= delete_clause [where_clause]
delete_clause ::= DELETE FROM entity_name [[AS] identification_variable]
DELETE
FROM Customer c
WHERE c.status = 'inactive'

DELETE
FROM Customer c
WHERE c.status = 'inactive'
    AND c.orders IS EMPTY

UPDATE Customer c
SET c.status = 'outstanding'
WHERE c.balance < 10000

UPDATE Employee e
SET e.address.building = 22
WHERE e.address.building = 14
    AND e.address.city = 'Santa Clara'
    AND e.project = 'Jakarta EE'
SELECT o
FROM Order o
SELECT o
FROM Order o
WHERE o.shippingAddress.state = 'CA'
SELECT DISTINCT o.shippingAddress.state
FROM Order o
SELECT DISTINCT o
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems l
SELECT o
FROM Order o
WHERE o.lineItems IS NOT EMPTY
SELECT o
FROM Order o
WHERE o.lineItems IS EMPTY
SELECT DISTINCT o
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems l
WHERE l.shipped = FALSE
SELECT o
FROM Order o
WHERE
    NOT (o.shippingAddress.state = o.billingAddress.state AND
         o.shippingAddress.city = o.billingAddress.city AND
         o.shippingAddress.street = o.billingAddress.street)
SELECT o
FROM Order o
WHERE o.shippingAddress <> o.billingAddress
SELECT DISTINCT o
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems l
WHERE l.product.name = ?1
QL_statement ::= select_statement | update_statement | delete_statement
select_statement ::= select_clause from_clause [where_clause] [groupby_clause]
    [having_clause] [orderby_clause]
update_statement ::= update_clause [where_clause]
delete_statement ::= delete_clause [where_clause]
from_clause ::=
    FROM  identification_variable_declaration
        {, {identification_variable_declaration | collection_member_declaration}}*
identification_variable_declaration ::= range_variable_declaration {join | fetch_join}*
range_variable_declaration ::= entity_name [AS] identification_variable
join ::= join_spec join_association_path_expression [AS] identification_variable
    [join_condition]
fetch_join ::= join_spec FETCH join_association_path_expression
join_spec ::= [LEFT [OUTER] | INNER] JOIN
join_condition ::= ON conditional_expression
join_association_path_expression ::=
    join_collection_valued_path_expression |
    join_single_valued_path_expression |
    TREAT(join_collection_valued_path_expression AS subtype) |
    TREAT(join_single_valued_path_expression AS subtype)
join_collection_valued_path_expression ::=
    identification_variable.{single_valued_embeddable_object_field.}* collection_valued_field
join_single_valued_path_expression ::=
    identification_variable.{single_valued_embeddable_object_field.}* single_valued_object_field
collection_member_declaration ::=
    IN (collection_valued_path_expression) [AS] identification_variable
qualified_identification_variable ::=
    map_field_identification_variable |
    ENTRY(identification_variable)
map_field_identification_variable ::=
    KEY(identification_variable) |
    VALUE(identification_variable)
single_valued_path_expression ::=
    qualified_identification_variable |
    TREAT(qualified_identification_variable AS subtype) |
    state_field_path_expression |
    single_valued_object_path_expression
general_identification_variable ::=
    identification_variable |
    map_field_identification_variable
general_subpath ::= simple_subpath | treated_subpath{.single_valued_object_field}*
simple_subpath ::=
    general_identification_variable |
    general_identification_variable{.single_valued_object_field}*
treated_subpath ::= TREAT(general_subpath AS subtype)
state_field_path_expression ::= general_subpath.state_field
state_valued_path_expression ::=
    state_field_path_expression | general_identification_variable
single_valued_object_path_expression ::=
    general_subpath.single_valued_object_field
collection_valued_path_expression ::= general_subpath.{collection_valued_field}
update_clause ::= UPDATE entity_name [[AS] identification_variable]
    SET update_item {, update_item}*
update_item ::= [identification_variable.]{single_valued_embeddable_object_field.}*
    {state_field | single_valued_object_field} = new_value
new_value ::=
    scalar_expression |
    simple_entity_expression |
    NULL
delete_clause ::= DELETE FROM entity_name [[AS] identification_variable]
select_clause ::= SELECT [DISTINCT] select_item {, select_item}*
select_item ::= select_expression [[AS] result_variable]
select_expression ::=
    single_valued_path_expression |
    scalar_expression |
    aggregate_expression |
    identification_variable |
    OBJECT(identification_variable) |
    constructor_expression
constructor_expression ::=
    NEW constructor_name (constructor_item {, constructor_item}*)
constructor_item ::=
    single_valued_path_expression |
    scalar_expression |
    aggregate_expression |
    identification_variable
aggregate_expression ::=
    {AVG | MAX | MIN | SUM} ([DISTINCT] state_valued_path_expression) |
    COUNT ([DISTINCT] identification_variable | state_valued_path_expression |
        single_valued_object_path_expression) |
    function_invocation
where_clause ::= WHERE conditional_expression
groupby_clause ::= GROUP BY groupby_item {, groupby_item}*
groupby_item ::= single_valued_path_expression | identification_variable
having_clause ::= HAVING conditional_expression
orderby_clause ::= ORDER BY orderby_item {, orderby_item}*
orderby_item ::=
    state_field_path_expression |
    general_identification_variable |
    result_variable
    [ASC | DESC]
subquery ::= simple_select_clause subquery_from_clause [where_clause]
    [groupby_clause] [having_clause]
subquery_from_clause ::=
    FROM subselect_identification_variable_declaration
        {, subselect_identification_variable_declaration | collection_member_declaration}*
subselect_identification_variable_declaration ::=
    identification_variable_declaration |
    derived_path_expression [AS] identification_variable {join}* |
    derived_collection_member_declaration
derived_path_expression ::=
    general_derived_path.single_valued_object_field |
    general_derived_path.collection_valued_field
general_derived_path ::=
    simple_derived_path |
    treated_derived_path{.single_valued_object_field}*
simple_derived_path ::= superquery_identification_variable{.single_valued_object_field}*
treated_derived_path ::= TREAT(general_derived_path AS subtype)
derived_collection_member_declaration ::=
    IN superquery_identification_variable.{single_valued_object_field.}*collection_valued_field
simple_select_clause ::= SELECT [DISTINCT] simple_select_expression
simple_select_expression::=
    single_valued_path_expression |
    scalar_expression |
    aggregate_expression |
    identification_variable
scalar_expression ::=
    arithmetic_expression |
    string_expression |
    enum_expression |
    datetime_expression |
    boolean_expression |
    case_expression |
    entity_type_expression
conditional_expression ::= conditional_term | conditional_expression OR conditional_term
conditional_term ::= conditional_factor | conditional_term AND conditional_factor
conditional_factor ::= [NOT] conditional_primary
conditional_primary ::= simple_cond_expression | (conditional_expression)
simple_cond_expression ::=
    comparison_expression |
    between_expression |
    in_expression |
    like_expression |
    null_comparison_expression |
    empty_collection_comparison_expression |
    collection_member_expression |
    exists_expression
between_expression ::=
    arithmetic_expression [NOT] BETWEEN
        arithmetic_expression AND arithmetic_expression |
    string_expression [NOT] BETWEEN string_expression AND string_expression |
    datetime_expression [NOT] BETWEEN datetime_expression AND datetime_expression
in_expression ::=
    {state_valued_path_expression | type_discriminator} [NOT] IN
        {(in_item{, in_item}*) | (subquery) | collection_valued_input_parameter}
in_item ::= literal | single_valued_input_parameter
like_expression ::=
    string_expression [NOT] LIKE pattern_value [ESCAPE escape_character]
null_comparison_expression ::=
    {single_valued_path_expression | input_parameter} IS [NOT] NULL
empty_collection_comparison_expression ::=
    collection_valued_path_expression IS [NOT] EMPTY
collection_member_expression ::= entity_or_value_expression
    [NOT] MEMBER [OF] collection_valued_path_expression
entity_or_value_expression ::=
    single_valued_object_path_expression |
    state_field_path_expression |
    simple_entity_or_value_expression
simple_entity_or_value_expression ::=
    identification_variable |
    input_parameter |
    literal
exists_expression ::= [NOT] EXISTS (subquery)
all_or_any_expression ::= {ALL | ANY | SOME} (subquery)
comparison_expression ::=
    string_expression comparison_operator {string_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    boolean_expression {= | <>} {boolean_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    enum_expression {= | <>} {enum_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    datetime_expression comparison_operator
        {datetime_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    entity_expression {= | <>_} {entity_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    arithmetic_expression comparison_operator {arithmetic_expression | all_or_any_expression} |
    entity_type_expression {= | <>} entity_type_expression}
comparison_operator ::= = | > | >= | < | <= | <>
arithmetic_expression ::=
    arithmetic_term | arithmetic_expression {+ | -} arithmetic_term
arithmetic_term ::= arithmetic_factor | arithmetic_term {* | /} arithmetic_factor
arithmetic_factor ::= [{+ | -}] arithmetic_primary
arithmetic_primary ::=
    state_valued_path_expression |
    numeric_literal |
    (arithmetic_expression) |
    input_parameter |
    functions_returning_numerics |
    aggregate_expression |
    case_expression |
    function_invocation |
    (subquery)
string_expression ::=
    state_valued_path_expression |
    string_literal |
    input_parameter |
    functions_returning_strings |
    aggregate_expression |
    case_expression |
    function_invocation |
    (subquery)
datetime_expression ::=
    state_valued_path_expression |
    input_parameter |
    functions_returning_datetime |
    aggregate_expression |
    case_expression |
    function_invocation |
    date_time_timestamp_literal |
    (subquery)
boolean_expression ::=
    state_valued_path_expression |
    boolean_literal |
    input_parameter |
    case_expression |
    function_invocation |
    (subquery)
enum_expression ::=
    state_valued_path_expression |
    enum_literal |
    input_parameter |
    case_expression |
    (subquery)
entity_expression ::= single_valued_object_path_expression | simple_entity_expression
simple_entity_expression ::= identification_variable | input_parameter
entity_type_expression ::=
    type_discriminator |
    entity_type_literal |
    input_parameter
type_discriminator ::=
    TYPE(general_identification_variable |
        single_valued_object_path_expression |
        input_parameter)
functions_returning_numerics ::=
    LENGTH(string_expression) |
    LOCATE(string_expression, string_expression[, arithmetic_expression]) |
    ABS(arithmetic_expression) |
    SQRT(arithmetic_expression) |
    MOD(arithmetic_expression, arithmetic_expression) |
    SIZE(collection_valued_path_expression) |
    INDEX(identification_variable)
functions_returning_datetime ::=
    CURRENT_DATE |
    CURRENT_TIME |
    CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
functions_returning_strings ::=
    CONCAT(string_expression, string_expression{, string_expression}*) |
    SUBSTRING(string_expression, arithmetic_expression[, arithmetic_expression]) |
    TRIM([[trim_specification] [trim_character] FROM] string_expression) |
    LOWER(string_expression) |
    UPPER(string_expression)
trim_specification ::= LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH
function_invocation ::= FUNCTION(function_name{, function_arg}*)
function_arg ::=
    literal |
    state_valued_path_expression |
    input_parameter |
    scalar_expression
_case_expression ::=_
    general_case_expression |
    simple_case_expression |
    coalesce_expression |
    nullif_expression
general_case_expression::= CASE when_clause {when_clause}* ELSE scalar_expression END
when_clause ::= WHEN conditional_expression THEN scalar_expression
simple_case_expression ::=
    CASE case_operand simple_when_clause {simple_when_clause}*
    ELSE scalar_expression
    END
case_operand ::= state_valued_path_expression | type_discriminator
simple_when_clause ::= WHEN scalar_expression THEN scalar_expression
coalesce_expression ::= COALESCE(scalar_expression{, scalar_expression}+)
nullif_expression::= NULLIF(scalar_expression, scalar_expression)
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

import java.util.Set;

/**
 * Provides access to the metamodel of persistent
 * entities in the persistence unit.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Metamodel {

    /**
     *  Return the metamodel entity type representing the entity.
     *  @param cls  the type of the represented entity
     *  @return the metamodel entity type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if not an entity
     */
    <X> EntityType<X> entity(Class<X> cls);

    /**
     *  Return the metamodel managed type representing the
     *  entity, mapped superclass, or embeddable class.
     *  @param cls  the type of the represented managed class
     *  @return the metamodel managed type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if not a managed class
     */
    <X> ManagedType<X> managedType(Class<X> cls);

    /**
     *  Return the metamodel embeddable type representing the
     *  embeddable class.
     *  @param cls  the type of the represented embeddable class
     *  @return the metamodel embeddable type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if not an embeddable class
     */
    <X> EmbeddableType<X> embeddable(Class<X> cls);

    /**
     *  Return the metamodel managed types.
     *  @return the metamodel managed types
     */
    Set<ManagedType<?>> getManagedTypes();

    /**
     * Return the metamodel entity types.
     * @return the metamodel entity types
     */
    Set<EntityType<?>> getEntities();

    /**
     * Return the metamodel embeddable types.  Returns empty set
     * if there are no embeddable types.
     * @return the metamodel embeddable types
     */
    Set<EmbeddableType<?>> getEmbeddables();
}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 * Instances of the type <code>Type</code> represent persistent object
 * or attribute types.
 *
 * @param <X>  The type of the represented object or attribute
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Type<X> {

       public static enum PersistenceType {

       /** Entity */
           ENTITY,

       /** Embeddable class */
       EMBEDDABLE,

       /** Mapped superclass */
       MAPPED_SUPERCLASS,

       /** Basic type */
       BASIC
       }

    /**
     *  Return the persistence type.
     *  @return persistence type
     */
    PersistenceType getPersistenceType();

    /**
     *  Return the represented Java type.
     *  @return Java type
     */
    Class<X> getJavaType();
}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

import java.util.Set;

/**
 *  Instances of the type <code>ManagedType</code> represent entity, mapped
 *  superclass, and embeddable types.
 *
 *  @param <X> The represented type.
 *
 *  @since 2.0
 *
 */
public interface ManagedType<X> extends Type<X> {

    /**
     *  Return the attributes of the managed type.
     *  @return attributes of the managed type
     */
     Set<Attribute<? super X, ?>> getAttributes();

    /**
     *  Return the attributes declared by the managed type.
     *  Returns empty set if the managed type has no declared
     *  attributes.
     *  @return declared attributes of the managed type
     */
     Set<Attribute<X, ?>> getDeclaredAttributes();

    /**
     *  Return the single-valued attribute of the managed
     *  type that corresponds to the specified name and Java type.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @param type  the type of the represented attribute
     *  @return single-valued attribute with given name and type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name and type is not present in the managed type
     */
    <Y> SingularAttribute<? super X, Y> getSingularAttribute(String name, Class<Y> type);

    /**
     *  Return the single-valued attribute declared by the
     *  managed type that corresponds to the specified name and
     *  Java type.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @param type  the type of the represented attribute
     *  @return declared single-valued attribute of the given
     *          name and type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name and type is not declared in the managed type
     */
    <Y> SingularAttribute<X, Y> getDeclaredSingularAttribute(String name, Class<Y> type);

    /**
     *  Return the single-valued attributes of the managed type.
     *  Returns empty set if the managed type has no single-valued
     *  attributes.
     *  @return single-valued attributes
     */
    Set<SingularAttribute<? super X, ?>> getSingularAttributes();

    /**
     *  Return the single-valued attributes declared by the managed
     *  type.
     *  Returns empty set if the managed type has no declared
     *  single-valued attributes.
     *  @return declared single-valued attributes
     */
    Set<SingularAttribute<X, ?>> getDeclaredSingularAttributes();

    /**
     *  Return the Collection-valued attribute of the managed type
     *  that corresponds to the specified name and Java element type.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @param elementType  the element type of the represented
     *                      attribute
     *  @return CollectionAttribute of the given name and element
     *          type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name and type is not present in the managed type
     */
    <E> CollectionAttribute<? super X, E> getCollection(String name, Class<E> elementType);

    /**
     *  Return the Collection-valued attribute declared by the
     *  managed type that corresponds to the specified name and Java
     *  element type.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @param elementType  the element type of the represented
     *                      attribute
     *  @return declared <code>CollectionAttribute</code> of the given name and
     *          element type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name and type is not declared in the managed type
     */
    <E> CollectionAttribute<X, E> getDeclaredCollection(String name, Class<E> elementType);

    /**
     *  Return the Set-valued attribute of the managed type that
     *  corresponds to the specified name and Java element type.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @param elementType  the element type of the represented
     *                      attribute
     *  @return SetAttribute of the given name and element type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name and type is not present in the managed type
     */
    <E> SetAttribute<? super X, E> getSet(String name, Class<E> elementType);

    /**
     *  Return the Set-valued attribute declared by the managed type
     *  that corresponds to the specified name and Java element type.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @param elementType  the element type of the represented
     *                      attribute
     *  @return declared SetAttribute of the given name and
     *          element type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name and type is not declared in the managed type
     */
    <E> SetAttribute<X, E> getDeclaredSet(String name, Class<E> elementType);

    /**
     *  Return the List-valued attribute of the managed type that
     *  corresponds to the specified name and Java element type.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @param elementType  the element type of the represented
     *                      attribute
     *  @return ListAttribute of the given name and element type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name and type is not present in the managed type
     */
    <E> ListAttribute<? super X, E> getList(String name, Class<E> elementType);

    /**
     *  Return the List-valued attribute declared by the managed
     *  type that corresponds to the specified name and Java
     *  element type.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @param elementType  the element type of the represented
     *                      attribute
     *  @return declared ListAttribute of the given name and
     *          element type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name and type is not declared in the managed type
     */
    <E> ListAttribute<X, E> getDeclaredList(String name, Class<E> elementType);

    /**
     *  Return the Map-valued attribute of the managed type that
     *  corresponds to the specified name and Java key and value
     *  types.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @param keyType  the key type of the represented attribute
     *  @param valueType  the value type of the represented attribute
     *  @return MapAttribute of the given name and key and value
     *  types
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name and type is not present in the managed type
     */
    <K, V> MapAttribute<? super X, K, V> getMap(String name,
                                                Class<K> keyType,
                                                Class<V> valueType);

    /**
     *  Return the Map-valued attribute declared by the managed
     *  type that corresponds to the specified name and Java key
     *  and value types.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @param keyType  the key type of the represented attribute
     *  @param valueType  the value type of the represented attribute
     *  @return declared MapAttribute of the given name and key
     *          and value types
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name and type is not declared in the managed type
     */
    <K, V> MapAttribute<X, K, V> getDeclaredMap(String name,
                                                Class<K> keyType,
                                                Class<V> valueType);

    /**
     *  Return all multi-valued attributes (Collection-, Set-,
     *  List-, and Map-valued attributes) of the managed type.
     *  Returns empty set if the managed type has no multi-valued
     *  attributes.
     *  @return Collection-, Set-, List-, and Map-valued attributes
     */
    Set<PluralAttribute<? super X, ?, ?>> getPluralAttributes();

    /**
     *  Return all multi-valued attributes (Collection-, Set-,
     *  List-, and Map-valued attributes) declared by the
     *  managed type.
     *  Returns empty set if the managed type has no declared
     *  multi-valued attributes.
     *  @return declared Collection-, Set-, List-, and Map-valued
     *          attributes
     */
    Set<PluralAttribute<X, ?, ?>> getDeclaredPluralAttributes();

//String-based:

    /**
     *  Return the attribute of the managed
     *  type that corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return attribute with given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not present in the managed type
     */
    Attribute<? super X, ?> getAttribute(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the attribute declared by the managed
     *  type that corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return attribute with given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not declared in the managed type
     */
    Attribute<X, ?> getDeclaredAttribute(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the single-valued attribute of the managed type that
     *  corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return single-valued attribute with the given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not present in the managed type
     */
    SingularAttribute<? super X, ?> getSingularAttribute(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the single-valued attribute declared by the managed
     *  type that corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return declared single-valued attribute of the given
     *          name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not declared in the managed type
     */
    SingularAttribute<X, ?> getDeclaredSingularAttribute(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the Collection-valued attribute of the managed type
     *  that corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return CollectionAttribute of the given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not present in the managed type
     */
    CollectionAttribute<? super X, ?> getCollection(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the Collection-valued attribute declared by the
     *  managed type that corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return declared CollectionAttribute of the given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not declared in the managed type
     */
    CollectionAttribute<X, ?> getDeclaredCollection(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the Set-valued attribute of the managed type that
     *  corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return SetAttribute of the given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not present in the managed type
     */
    SetAttribute<? super X, ?> getSet(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the Set-valued attribute declared by the managed type
     *  that corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return declared SetAttribute of the given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not declared in the managed type
     */
    SetAttribute<X, ?> getDeclaredSet(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the List-valued attribute of the managed type that
     *  corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return ListAttribute of the given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not present in the managed type
     */
    ListAttribute<? super X, ?> getList(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the List-valued attribute declared by the managed
     *  type that corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return declared ListAttribute of the given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not declared in the managed type
     */
    ListAttribute<X, ?> getDeclaredList(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the Map-valued attribute of the managed type that
     *  corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return MapAttribute of the given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not present in the managed type
     */
    MapAttribute<? super X, ?, ?> getMap(String name);

    /**
     *  Return the Map-valued attribute declared by the managed
     *  type that corresponds to the specified name.
     *  @param name  the name of the represented attribute
     *  @return declared MapAttribute of the given name
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name is not declared in the managed type
     */
    MapAttribute<X, ?, ?> getDeclaredMap(String name);
}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

import java.util.Set;

/**
 *  Instances of the type <code>IdentifiableType</code> represent entity or
 *  mapped superclass types.
 *
 *  @param <X> The represented entity or mapped superclass type.
 *
 *  @since 2.0
 *
 */
public interface IdentifiableType<X> extends ManagedType<X> {

    /**
     *  Return the attribute that corresponds to the id attribute of
     *  the entity or mapped superclass.
     *  @param type  the type of the represented id attribute
     *  @return id attribute
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if id attribute of the given
     *          type is not present in the identifiable type or if
     *          the identifiable type has an id class
     */
    <Y> SingularAttribute<? super X, Y> getId(Class<Y> type);

    /**
     *  Return the attribute that corresponds to the id attribute
     *  declared by the entity or mapped superclass.
     *  @param type  the type of the represented declared
     *               id attribute
     *  @return declared id attribute
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if id attribute of the given
     *          type is not declared in the identifiable type or if
     *          the identifiable type has an id class
     */
    <Y> SingularAttribute<X, Y> getDeclaredId(Class<Y> type);

    /**
     *  Return the attribute that corresponds to the version
     *  attribute of the entity or mapped superclass.
     *  @param type  the type of the represented version attribute
     *  @return version attribute
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if version attribute of the
     *          given type is not present in the identifiable type
     */
    <Y> SingularAttribute<? super X, Y> getVersion(Class<Y> type);

    /**
     *  Return the attribute that corresponds to the version
     *  attribute declared by the entity or mapped superclass.
     *  @param type  the type of the represented declared version
     *               attribute
     *  @return declared version attribute
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if version attribute of the
     *          type is not declared in the identifiable type
     */
    <Y> SingularAttribute<X, Y> getDeclaredVersion(Class<Y> type);

    /**
     *  Return the identifiable type that corresponds to the most
     *  specific mapped superclass or entity extended by the entity
     *  or mapped superclass.
     *  @return supertype of identifiable type or null if no
     *          such supertype
     */
    IdentifiableType<? super X> getSupertype();

    /**
     *  Whether the identifiable type has a single id attribute.
     *  Returns true for a simple id or embedded id; returns false
     *  for an idclass.
     *  @return boolean indicating whether the identifiable
     *          type has a single id attribute
     */
    boolean hasSingleIdAttribute();

    /**
     *  Whether the identifiable type has a version attribute.
     *  @return boolean indicating whether the identifiable
     *          type has a version attribute
     */
    boolean hasVersionAttribute();

    /**
     *   Return the attributes corresponding to the id class of the
     *   identifiable type.
     *   @return id attributes
     *   @throws IllegalArgumentException if the identifiable type
     *           does not have an id class
     */
     Set<SingularAttribute<? super X, ?>> getIdClassAttributes();

    /**
     *  Return the type that represents the type of the id.
     *  @return type of id
     */
    Type<?> getIdType();
}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 *  Instances of the type <code>EntityType</code> represent entity types.
 *
 *  @param <X> The represented entity type.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 *
 */
public interface EntityType<X>
            extends IdentifiableType<X>, Bindable<X>{

    /**
     *  Return the entity name.
     *  @return entity name
     */
    String getName();
}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 *  Instances of the type <code>EmbeddableType</code> represent embeddable types.
 *
 *  @param <X> The represented type.
 *
 *  @since 2.0
 *
 */
public interface EmbeddableType<X> extends ManagedType<X> {}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 *  Instances of the type <code>MappedSuperclassType</code> represent mapped
 *  superclass types.
 *
 *  @param <X> The represented entity type
 *  @since 2.0
 */
public interface MappedSuperclassType<X> extends IdentifiableType<X> {}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 * Instances of the type <code>BasicType</code> represent basic types (including
 * temporal and enumerated types).
 *
 * @param <X> The type of the represented basic type
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface BasicType<X> extends Type<X> {}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

import jakarta.persistence.criteria.Path;

/**
 * Instances of the type <code>Bindable</code> represent object or attribute types
 * that can be bound into a {@link Path Path}.
 *
 * @param <T> The type of the represented object or attribute
 *
 * @since 2.0
 *
 */
public interface Bindable<T> {

    public static enum BindableType {

        /** Single-valued attribute type */
        SINGULAR_ATTRIBUTE,

        /** Multi-valued attribute type */
        PLURAL_ATTRIBUTE,

        /** Entity type */
        ENTITY_TYPE
    }

    /**
     *  Return the bindable type of the represented object.
     *  @return bindable type
     */
    BindableType getBindableType();

    /**
     * Return the Java type of the represented object.
     * If the bindable type of the object is <code>PLURAL_ATTRIBUTE</code>,
     * the Java element type is returned. If the bindable type is
     * <code>SINGULAR_ATTRIBUTE</code> or <code>ENTITY_TYPE</code>,
     * the Java type of the
     * represented entity or attribute is returned.
     * @return Java type
     */
    Class<T> getBindableJavaType();
}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 * Represents an attribute of a Java type.
 *
 * @param <X> The represented type that contains the attribute
 * @param <Y> The type of the represented attribute
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Attribute<X, Y> {

    public static enum PersistentAttributeType {

         /** Many-to-one association */
         MANY_TO_ONE,

         /** One-to-one association */
         ONE_TO_ONE,

         /** Basic attribute */
         BASIC,

         /** Embeddable class attribute */
         EMBEDDED,

         /** Many-to-many association */
         MANY_TO_MANY,

         /** One-to-many association */
         ONE_TO_MANY,

         /** Element collection */
         ELEMENT_COLLECTION
    }

    /**
     * Return the name of the attribute.
     * @return name
     */
    String getName();

    /**
     *  Return the persistent attribute type for the attribute.
     *  @return persistent attribute type
     */
    PersistentAttributeType getPersistentAttributeType();

    /**
     *  Return the managed type representing the type in which
     *  the attribute was declared.
     *  @return declaring type
     */
    ManagedType<X> getDeclaringType();

    /**
     *  Return the Java type of the represented attribute.
     *  @return Java type
     */
    Class<Y> getJavaType();

    /**
     *  Return the <code>java.lang.reflect.Member</code> for the represented
     *  attribute.
     *  @return corresponding <code>java.lang.reflect.Member</code>
     */
    java.lang.reflect.Member getJavaMember();

    /**
     *  Is the attribute an association.
     *  @return boolean indicating whether the attribute
     *          corresponds to an association
     */
    boolean isAssociation();

    /**
     *  Is the attribute collection-valued (represents a Collection,
     *  Set, List, or Map).
     *  @return boolean indicating whether the attribute is
     *          collection-valued
     */
    boolean isCollection();
}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 * Instances of the type <code>SingularAttribute</code> represents persistent
 * single-valued properties or fields.
 *
 * @param <X> The type containing the represented attribute
 * @param <T> The type of the represented attribute
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface SingularAttribute<X, T>
        extends Attribute<X, T>, Bindable<T> {

    /**
     *  Is the attribute an id attribute.  This method will return
     *  true if the attribute is an attribute that corresponds to
     *  a simple id, an embedded id, or an attribute of an id class.
     *  @return boolean indicating whether the attribute is an id
     */
    boolean isId();

    /**
     *  Is the attribute a version attribute.
     *  @return boolean indicating whether the attribute is
     *          a version attribute
     */
    boolean isVersion();

    /**
     *  Can the attribute be null.
     *  @return boolean indicating whether the attribute can
     *          be null
     */
    boolean isOptional();

    /**
     * Return the type that represents the type of the attribute.
     * @return type of attribute
     */
    Type<T> getType();
}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 * Instances of the type <code>PluralAttribute</code> represent
 * persistent collection-valued attributes.
 *
 * @param <X> The type the represented collection belongs to
 * @param <C> The type of the represented collection
 * @param <E> The element type of the represented collection
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface PluralAttribute<X, C, E>
        extends Attribute<X, C>, Bindable<E> {

    public static enum CollectionType {

        /** Collection-valued attribute */
        COLLECTION,

        /** Set-valued attribute */
        SET,

        /** List-valued attribute */
        LIST,

        /** Map-valued attribute */
        MAP
    }

    /**
     * Return the collection type.
     * @return collection type
     */
    CollectionType getCollectionType();

    /**
     * Return the type representing the element type of the
     * collection.
     * @return element type
     */
    Type<E> getElementType();
}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 * Instances of the type <code>CollectionAttribute</code> represent persistent
 * <code>java.util.Collection</code>-valued attributes.
 *
 * @param <X> The type the represented Collection belongs to
 * @param <E> The element type of the represented Collection
 *
 * @since 2.0
 *
 */
public interface CollectionAttribute<X, E>
    extends PluralAttribute<X, java.util.Collection<E>, E> {}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 * Instances of the type <code>SetAttribute</code> represent
 * persistent <code>java.util.Set</code>-valued attributes.
 *
 * @param <X> The type the represented Set belongs to
 * @param <E> The element type of the represented Set
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface SetAttribute<X, E>
    extends PluralAttribute<X, java.util.Set<E>, E> {}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 * Instances of the type <code>ListAttribute</code> represent persistent
 * <code>java.util.List</code>-valued attributes.
 *
 * @param <X> The type the represented List belongs to
 * @param <E> The element type of the represented List
 *
 * @since 2.0
 *
 */
public interface ListAttribute<X, E>
        extends PluralAttribute<X, java.util.List<E>, E> {}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

/**
 * Instances of the type <code>MapAttribute</code> represent
 * persistent <code>java.util.Map</code>-valued attributes.
 *
 * @param <X> The type the represented Map belongs to
 * @param <K> The type of the key of the represented Map
 * @param <V> The type of the value of the represented Map
 *
 * @since 2.0
 *
 */
public interface MapAttribute<X, K, V>
    extends PluralAttribute<X, java.util.Map<K, V>, V> {

    /**
     * Return the Java type of the map key.
     * @return Java key type
     */
    Class<K> getKeyJavaType();

    /**
     * Return the type representing the key type of the map.
     * @return type representing key type
     */
    Type<K> getKeyType();
}
package jakarta.persistence.metamodel;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

/**
 * The <code>StaticMetamodel</code> annotation specifies that the class
 * is a metamodel class that represents the entity, mapped
 * superclass, or embeddable class designated by the value
 * element.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface StaticMetamodel {

    /**
     * Class being modelled by the annotated class.
     */
    Class<?> value();
}
public static volatile SingularAttribute<X, Y> y;
public static volatile CollectionAttribute<X, Z> z;
public static volatile SetAttribute<X, Z> z;
public static volatile ListAttribute<X, Z> z;
public static volatile MapAttribute<X, K, Z> z;
package com.example;

import java.util.Set;
import java.math.BigDecimal;

@Entity
public class Order {
    @Id
    Integer orderId;

    @ManyToOne
    Customer customer;

    @OneToMany
    Set<Item> lineItems;

    Address shippingAddress;

    BigDecimal totalCost;

    // ...
}
package com.example;

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.SingularAttribute;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.SetAttribute;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.StaticMetamodel;

@StaticMetamodel(Order.class)
public class Order {
    public static volatile SingularAttribute<Order, Integer> orderId;
    public static volatile SingularAttribute<Order, Customer> customer;
    public static volatile SetAttribute<Order, Item> lineItems;
    public static volatile SingularAttribute<Order, Address> shippingAddress;
    public static volatile SingularAttribute<Order, BigDecimal> totalCost;
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import jakarta.persistence.Tuple;

/**
 * Used to construct criteria queries, compound selections,
 * expressions, predicates, orderings.
 *
 * Note that <code>Predicate</code> is used instead of <code>Expression&#060;Boolean&#062;</code>
 * in this API in order to work around the fact that Java
 * generics are not compatible with varags.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface CriteriaBuilder {

    /**
     *  Create a <code>CriteriaQuery</code> object.
     *  @return criteria query object
     */
    CriteriaQuery<Object> createQuery();

    /**
     *  Create a <code>CriteriaQuery</code> object with the specified result
     *  type.
     *  @param resultClass  type of the query result
     *  @return criteria query object
     */
    <T> CriteriaQuery<T> createQuery(Class<T> resultClass);

    /**
     *  Create a <code>CriteriaQuery</code> object that returns a tuple of
     *  objects as its result.
     *  @return criteria query object
     */
    CriteriaQuery<Tuple> createTupleQuery();

    // methods to construct queries for bulk updates and deletes:

    /**
     *  Create a <code>CriteriaUpdate</code> query object to perform a bulk update operation.
     *  @param targetEntity  target type for update operation
     *  @return the query object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    <T> CriteriaUpdate<T> createCriteriaUpdate(Class<T> targetEntity);

    /**
     *  Create a <code>CriteriaDelete</code> query object to perform a bulk delete operation.
     *  @param targetEntity  target type for delete operation
     *  @return the query object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    <T> CriteriaDelete<T> createCriteriaDelete(Class<T> targetEntity);

    // selection construction methods:

    /**
     * Create a selection item corresponding to a constructor.
     * This method is used to specify a constructor that will be
     * applied to the results of the query execution. If the
     * constructor is for an entity class, the resulting entities
     * will be in the new state after the query is executed.
     * @param resultClass  class whose instance is to be constructed
     * @param selections  arguments to the constructor
     * @return compound selection item
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an argument is a
     *         tuple- or array-valued selection item
     */
    <Y> CompoundSelection<Y> construct(Class<Y> resultClass, Selection<?>... selections);

    /**
     * Create a tuple-valued selection item.
     * @param selections  selection items
     * @return tuple-valued compound selection
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an argument is a
     *         tuple- or array-valued selection item
     */
    CompoundSelection<Tuple> tuple(Selection<?>... selections);

    /**
     * Create an array-valued selection item.
     * @param selections  selection items
     * @return array-valued compound selection
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an argument is a
     *         tuple- or array-valued selection item
     */
    CompoundSelection<Object[]> array(Selection<?>... selections);

    //ordering:

    /**
     * Create an ordering by the ascending value of the expression.
     * @param x  expression used to define the ordering
     * @return ascending ordering corresponding to the expression
     */
    Order asc(Expression<?> x);

    /**
     * Create an ordering by the descending value of the expression.
     * @param x  expression used to define the ordering
     * @return descending ordering corresponding to the expression
     */
    Order desc(Expression<?> x);

    //aggregate functions:

    /**
     * Create an aggregate expression applying the avg operation.
     * @param x  expression representing input value to avg operation
     * @return avg expression
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<Double> avg(Expression<N> x);

    /**
     * Create an aggregate expression applying the sum operation.
     * @param x  expression representing input value to sum operation
     * @return sum expression
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> sum(Expression<N> x);

    /**
     * Create an aggregate expression applying the sum operation to an
     * Integer-valued expression, returning a Long result.
     * @param x  expression representing input value to sum operation
     * @return sum expression
     */
    Expression<Long> sumAsLong(Expression<Integer> x);

    /**
     * Create an aggregate expression applying the sum operation to a
     * Float-valued expression, returning a Double result.
     * @param x  expression representing input value to sum operation
     * @return sum expression
     */
    Expression<Double> sumAsDouble(Expression<Float> x);

    /**
     * Create an aggregate expression applying the numerical max
     * operation.
     * @param x  expression representing input value to max operation
     * @return max expression
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> max(Expression<N> x);

    /**
     * Create an aggregate expression applying the numerical min
     * operation.
     * @param x  expression representing input value to min operation
     * @return min expression
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> min(Expression<N> x);

    /**
     * Create an aggregate expression for finding the greatest of
     * the values (strings, dates, etc).
     * @param x  expression representing input value to greatest
     *           operation
     * @return greatest expression
     */
    <X extends Comparable<? super X>> Expression<X> greatest(Expression<X> x);

    /**
     * Create an aggregate expression for finding the least of
     * the values (strings, dates, etc).
     * @param x  expression representing input value to least
     *           operation
     * @return least expression
     */
    <X extends Comparable<? super X>> Expression<X> least(Expression<X> x);

    /**
     * Create an aggregate expression applying the count operation.
     * @param x  expression representing input value to count
     *           operation
     * @return count expression
     */
    Expression<Long> count(Expression<?> x);

    /**
     * Create an aggregate expression applying the count distinct
     * operation.
     * @param x  expression representing input value to
     *        count distinct operation
     * @return count distinct expression
     */
    Expression<Long> countDistinct(Expression<?> x);

    //subqueries:

    /**
     * Create a predicate testing the existence of a subquery result.
     * @param subquery  subquery whose result is to be tested
     * @return exists predicate
     */
    Predicate exists(Subquery<?> subquery);

    /**
     * Create an all expression over the subquery results.
     * @param subquery  subquery
     * @return all expression
     */
    <Y> Expression<Y> all(Subquery<Y> subquery);

    /**
     * Create a some expression over the subquery results.
     * This expression is equivalent to an <code>any</code> expression.
     * @param subquery  subquery
     * @return some expression
     */
    <Y> Expression<Y> some(Subquery<Y> subquery);

    /**
     * Create an any expression over the subquery results.
     * This expression is equivalent to a <code>some</code> expression.
     * @param subquery  subquery
     * @return any expression
     */
    <Y> Expression<Y> any(Subquery<Y> subquery);

    //boolean functions:

    /**
     * Create a conjunction of the given boolean expressions.
     * @param x  boolean expression
     * @param y  boolean expression
     * @return and predicate
     */
    Predicate and(Expression<Boolean> x, Expression<Boolean> y);

    /**
     * Create a conjunction of the given restriction predicates.
     * A conjunction of zero predicates is true.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return and predicate
     */
    Predicate and(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Create a disjunction of the given boolean expressions.
     * @param x  boolean expression
     * @param y  boolean expression
     * @return or predicate
     */
    Predicate or(Expression<Boolean> x, Expression<Boolean> y);

    /**
     * Create a disjunction of the given restriction predicates.
     * A disjunction of zero predicates is false.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return or predicate
     */
    Predicate or(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Create a negation of the given restriction.
     * @param restriction  restriction expression
     * @return not predicate
     */
    Predicate not(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     * Create a conjunction (with zero conjuncts).
     * A conjunction with zero conjuncts is true.
     * @return and predicate
     */
    Predicate conjunction();

    /**
     * Create a disjunction (with zero disjuncts).
     * A disjunction with zero disjuncts is false.
     * @return or predicate
     */
    Predicate disjunction();

    //turn Expression<Boolean> into a Predicate
    //useful for use with varargs methods

    /**
     * Create a predicate testing for a true value.
     * @param x  expression to be tested
     * @return predicate
     */
    Predicate isTrue(Expression<Boolean> x);

    /**
     * Create a predicate testing for a false value.
     * @param x  expression to be tested
     * @return predicate
     */
    Predicate isFalse(Expression<Boolean> x);

    //null tests:

    /**
     * Create a predicate to test whether the expression is null.
     * @param x expression
     * @return is-null predicate
     */
    Predicate isNull(Expression<?> x);

    /**
     * Create a predicate to test whether the expression is not null.
     * @param x expression
     * @return is-not-null predicate
     */
    Predicate isNotNull(Expression<?> x);

    //equality:

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing the arguments for equality.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return equality predicate
     */
    Predicate equal(Expression<?> x, Expression<?> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing the arguments for equality.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  object
     * @return equality predicate
     */
    Predicate equal(Expression<?> x, Object y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing the arguments for inequality.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return inequality predicate
     */
    Predicate notEqual(Expression<?> x, Expression<?> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing the arguments for inequality.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  object
     * @return inequality predicate
     */
    Predicate notEqual(Expression<?> x, Object y);

    //comparisons for generic (non-numeric) operands:

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * greater than the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return greater-than predicate
     */
    <Y extends Comparable<? super Y>> Predicate greaterThan(Expression<? extends Y> x, Expression<? extends Y> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * greater than the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  value
     * @return greater-than predicate
     */
    <Y extends Comparable<? super Y>> Predicate greaterThan(Expression<? extends Y> x, Y y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * greater than or equal to the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return greater-than-or-equal predicate
     */
    <Y extends Comparable<? super Y>> Predicate greaterThanOrEqualTo(Expression<? extends Y> x, Expression<? extends Y> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * greater than or equal to the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  value
     * @return greater-than-or-equal predicate
     */
    <Y extends Comparable<? super Y>> Predicate greaterThanOrEqualTo(Expression<? extends Y> x, Y y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * less than the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return less-than predicate
     */
    <Y extends Comparable<? super Y>> Predicate lessThan(Expression<? extends Y> x, Expression<? extends Y> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * less than the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  value
     * @return less-than predicate
     */
    <Y extends Comparable<? super Y>> Predicate lessThan(Expression<? extends Y> x, Y y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * less than or equal to the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return less-than-or-equal predicate
     */
    <Y extends Comparable<? super Y>> Predicate lessThanOrEqualTo(Expression<? extends Y> x, Expression<? extends Y> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * less than or equal to the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  value
     * @return less-than-or-equal predicate
     */
    <Y extends Comparable<? super Y>> Predicate lessThanOrEqualTo(Expression<? extends Y> x, Y y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * between the second and third arguments in value.
     * @param v  expression
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return between predicate
     */
    <Y extends Comparable<? super Y>> Predicate between(Expression<? extends Y> v, Expression<? extends Y> x, Expression<? extends Y> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * between the second and third arguments in value.
     * @param v  expression
     * @param x  value
     * @param y  value
     * @return between predicate
     */
    <Y extends Comparable<? super Y>> Predicate between(Expression<? extends Y> v, Y x, Y y);

    //comparisons for numeric operands:

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * greater than the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return greater-than predicate
     */
    Predicate gt(Expression<? extends Number> x, Expression<? extends Number> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * greater than the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  value
     * @return greater-than predicate
     */
    Predicate gt(Expression<? extends Number> x, Number y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * greater than or equal to the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return greater-than-or-equal predicate
     */
    Predicate ge(Expression<? extends Number> x, Expression<? extends Number> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * greater than or equal to the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  value
     * @return greater-than-or-equal predicate
     */
    Predicate ge(Expression<? extends Number> x, Number y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * less than the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return less-than predicate
     */
    Predicate lt(Expression<? extends Number> x, Expression<? extends Number> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * less than the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  value
     * @return less-than predicate
     */
    Predicate lt(Expression<? extends Number> x, Number y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * less than or equal to the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  expression
     * @return less-than-or-equal predicate
     */
    Predicate le(Expression<? extends Number> x, Expression<? extends Number> y);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the first argument is
     * less than or equal to the second.
     * @param x  expression
     * @param y  value
     * @return less-than-or-equal predicate
     */
    Predicate le(Expression<? extends Number> x, Number y);

    //numerical operations:

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the arithmetic negation
     * of its argument.
     * @param x expression
     * @return arithmetic negation
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> neg(Expression<N> x);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the absolute value
     * of its argument.
     * @param x expression
     * @return absolute value
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> abs(Expression<N> x);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the sum
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y expression
     * @return sum
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> sum(Expression<? extends N> x, Expression<? extends N> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the sum
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y value
     * @return sum
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> sum(Expression<? extends N> x, N y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the sum
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x value
     * @param y expression
     * @return sum
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> sum(N x, Expression<? extends N> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the product
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y expression
     * @return product
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> prod(Expression<? extends N> x, Expression<? extends N> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the product
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y value
     * @return product
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> prod(Expression<? extends N> x, N y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the product
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x value
     * @param y expression
     * @return product
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> prod(N x, Expression<? extends N> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the difference
     * between its arguments.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y expression
     * @return difference
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> diff(Expression<? extends N> x, Expression<? extends N> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the difference
     * between its arguments.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y value
     * @return difference
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> diff(Expression<? extends N> x, N y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the difference
     * between its arguments.
     * @param x value
     * @param y expression
     * @return difference
     */
    <N extends Number> Expression<N> diff(N x, Expression<? extends N> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the quotient
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y expression
     * @return quotient
     */
    Expression<Number> quot(Expression<? extends Number> x, Expression<? extends Number> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the quotient
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y value
     * @return quotient
     */
    Expression<Number> quot(Expression<? extends Number> x, Number y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the quotient
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x value
     * @param y expression
     * @return quotient
     */
    Expression<Number> quot(Number x, Expression<? extends Number> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the modulus
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y expression
     * @return modulus
     */
    Expression<Integer> mod(Expression<Integer> x, Expression<Integer> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the modulus
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y value
     * @return modulus
     */
    Expression<Integer> mod(Expression<Integer> x, Integer y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the modulus
     * of its arguments.
     * @param x value
     * @param y expression
     * @return modulus
     */
    Expression<Integer> mod(Integer x, Expression<Integer> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the square root
     * of its argument.
     * @param x expression
     * @return square root
     */
    Expression<Double> sqrt(Expression<? extends Number> x);

    //typecasts:

    /**
     * Typecast.  Returns same expression object.
     * @param number  numeric expression
     * @return Expression&#060;Long&#062;
     */
    Expression<Long> toLong(Expression<? extends Number> number);

    /**
     * Typecast.  Returns same expression object.
     * @param number  numeric expression
     * @return Expression&#060;Integer&#062;
     */
    Expression<Integer> toInteger(Expression<? extends Number> number);

    /**
     * Typecast. Returns same expression object.
     * @param number  numeric expression
     * @return Expression&#060;Float&#062;
     */
    Expression<Float> toFloat(Expression<? extends Number> number);

    /**
     * Typecast.  Returns same expression object.
     * @param number  numeric expression
     * @return Expression&#060;Double&#062;
     */
    Expression<Double> toDouble(Expression<? extends Number> number);

    /**
     * Typecast.  Returns same expression object.
     * @param number  numeric expression
     * @return Expression&#060;BigDecimal&#062;
     */
    Expression<BigDecimal> toBigDecimal(Expression<? extends Number> number);

    /**
     * Typecast.  Returns same expression object.
     * @param number  numeric expression
     * @return Expression&#060;BigInteger&#062;
     */
    Expression<BigInteger> toBigInteger(Expression<? extends Number> number);

    /**
     * Typecast.  Returns same expression object.
     * @param character expression
     * @return Expression&#060;String&#062;
     */
    Expression<String> toString(Expression<Character> character);

    //literals:

    /**
     * Create an expression for a literal.
     * @param value  value represented by the expression
     * @return expression literal
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if value is null
     */
    <T> Expression<T> literal(T value);

    /**
     * Create an expression for a null literal with the given type.
     * @param resultClass  type of the null literal
     * @return null expression literal
     */
    <T> Expression<T> nullLiteral(Class<T> resultClass);

    //parameters:

    /**
     * Create a parameter expression.
     * @param paramClass parameter class
     * @return parameter expression
     */
    <T> ParameterExpression<T> parameter(Class<T> paramClass);

    /**
     * Create a parameter expression with the given name.
     * @param paramClass parameter class
     * @param name  name that can be used to refer to
     *              the parameter
     * @return parameter expression
     */
    <T> ParameterExpression<T> parameter(Class<T> paramClass, String name);

    //collection operations:

    /**
     *  Create a predicate that tests whether a collection is empty.
     *  @param collection expression
     *  @return is-empty predicate
     */
    <C extends Collection<?>> Predicate isEmpty(Expression<C> collection);

    /**
     *  Create a predicate that tests whether a collection is
     *  not empty.
     *  @param collection expression
     *  @return is-not-empty predicate
     */
    <C extends Collection<?>> Predicate isNotEmpty(Expression<C> collection);

    /**
     * Create an expression that tests the size of a collection.
     * @param collection expression
     * @return size expression
     */
    <C extends java.util.Collection<?>> Expression<Integer> size(Expression<C> collection);

    /**
     * Create an expression that tests the size of a collection.
     * @param collection collection
     * @return size expression
     */
    <C extends Collection<?>> Expression<Integer> size(C collection);

    /**
     *  Create a predicate that tests whether an element is
     *  a member of a collection.
     *  If the collection is empty, the predicate will be false.
     *  @param elem element expression
     *  @param collection expression
     *  @return is-member predicate
     */
    <E, C extends Collection<E>> Predicate isMember(Expression<E> elem, Expression<C> collection);

    /**
     *  Create a predicate that tests whether an element is
     *  a member of a collection.
     *  If the collection is empty, the predicate will be false.
     *  @param elem element
     *  @param collection expression
     *  @return is-member predicate
     */
    <E, C extends Collection<E>> Predicate isMember(E elem, Expression<C> collection);

    /**
     *  Create a predicate that tests whether an element is
     *  not a member of a collection.
     *  If the collection is empty, the predicate will be true.
     *  @param elem element expression
     *  @param collection expression
     *  @return is-not-member predicate
     */
    <E, C extends Collection<E>> Predicate isNotMember(Expression<E> elem, Expression<C> collection);

    /**
     *  Create a predicate that tests whether an element is
     *  not a member of a collection.
     *  If the collection is empty, the predicate will be true.
     *  @param elem element
     *  @param collection expression
     *  @return is-not-member predicate
     */
    <E, C extends Collection<E>> Predicate isNotMember(E elem, Expression<C> collection);

    //get the values and keys collections of the Map, which may then
    //be passed to size(), isMember(), isEmpty(), etc

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the values of a map.
     * @param map  map
     * @return collection expression
     */
    <V, M extends Map<?, V>> Expression<Collection<V>> values(M map);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns the keys of a map.
     * @param map  map
     * @return set expression
     */
    <K, M extends Map<K, ?>> Expression<Set<K>> keys(M map);

    //string functions:

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * satisfies the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string expression
     * @return like predicate
     */
    Predicate like(Expression<String> x, Expression<String> pattern);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * satisfies the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string
     * @return like predicate
     */
    Predicate like(Expression<String> x, String pattern);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * satisfies the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string expression
     * @param escapeChar  escape character expression
     * @return like predicate
     */
    Predicate like(Expression<String> x, Expression<String> pattern, Expression<Character> escapeChar);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * satisfies the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string expression
     * @param escapeChar  escape character
     * @return like predicate
     */
    Predicate like(Expression<String> x, Expression<String> pattern, char escapeChar);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * satisfies the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string
     * @param escapeChar  escape character expression
     * @return like predicate
     */
    Predicate like(Expression<String> x, String pattern, Expression<Character> escapeChar);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * satisfies the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string
     * @param escapeChar  escape character
     * @return like predicate
     */
    Predicate like(Expression<String> x, String pattern, char escapeChar);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * does not satisfy the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string expression
     * @return not-like predicate
     */
    Predicate notLike(Expression<String> x, Expression<String> pattern);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * does not satisfy the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string
     * @return not-like predicate
     */
    Predicate notLike(Expression<String> x, String pattern);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * does not satisfy the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string expression
     * @param escapeChar  escape character expression
     * @return not-like predicate
     */
    Predicate notLike(Expression<String> x, Expression<String> pattern, Expression<Character> escapeChar);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * does not satisfy the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string expression
     * @param escapeChar  escape character
     * @return not-like predicate
     */
    Predicate notLike(Expression<String> x, Expression<String> pattern, char escapeChar);

    /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * does not satisfy the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string
     * @param escapeChar  escape character expression
     * @return not-like predicate
     */
    Predicate notLike(Expression<String> x, String pattern, Expression<Character> escapeChar);

   /**
     * Create a predicate for testing whether the expression
     * does not satisfy the given pattern.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @param pattern  string
     * @param escapeChar  escape character
     * @return not-like predicate
     */
    Predicate notLike(Expression<String> x, String pattern, char escapeChar);

    /**
     *  Create an expression for string concatenation.
     *  @param x  string expression
     *  @param y  string expression
     *  @return expression corresponding to concatenation
     */
    Expression<String> concat(Expression<String> x, Expression<String> y);

    /**
     *  Create an expression for string concatenation.
     *  @param x  string expression
     *  @param y  string
     *  @return expression corresponding to concatenation
     */
    Expression<String> concat(Expression<String> x, String y);

    /**
     *  Create an expression for string concatenation.
     *  @param x  string
     *  @param y  string expression
     *  @return expression corresponding to concatenation
     */
    Expression<String> concat(String x, Expression<String> y);

    /**
     *  Create an expression for substring extraction.
     *  Extracts a substring starting at the specified position
     *  through to end of the string.
     *  First position is 1.
     *  @param x  string expression
     *  @param from  start position expression
     *  @return expression corresponding to substring extraction
     */
    Expression<String> substring(Expression<String> x, Expression<Integer> from);

    /**
     *  Create an expression for substring extraction.
     *  Extracts a substring starting at the specified position
     *  through to end of the string.
     *  First position is 1.
     *  @param x  string expression
     *  @param from  start position
     *  @return expression corresponding to substring extraction
     */
    Expression<String> substring(Expression<String> x, int from);

    /**
     *  Create an expression for substring extraction.
     *  Extracts a substring of given length starting at the
     *  specified position.
     *  First position is 1.
     *  @param x  string expression
     *  @param from  start position expression
     *  @param len  length expression
     *  @return expression corresponding to substring extraction
     */
    Expression<String> substring(Expression<String> x, Expression<Integer> from, Expression<Integer> len);

    /**
     *  Create an expression for substring extraction.
     *  Extracts a substring of given length starting at the
     *  specified position.
     *  First position is 1.
     *  @param x  string expression
     *  @param from  start position
     *  @param len  length
     *  @return expression corresponding to substring extraction
     */
    Expression<String> substring(Expression<String> x, int from, int len);

    /**
     *  Used to specify how strings are trimmed.
     */
    public static enum Trimspec {

        /**
         * Trim from leading end.
         */
        LEADING,

        /**
         * Trim from trailing end.
         */
        TRAILING,

        /**
         * Trim from both ends.
         */
        BOTH
    }

    /**
     * Create expression to trim blanks from both ends of
     * a string.
     * @param x  expression for string to trim
     * @return trim expression
     */
    Expression<String> trim(Expression<String> x);

    /**
     * Create expression to trim blanks from a string.
     * @param ts  trim specification
     * @param x  expression for string to trim
     * @return trim expression
     */
    Expression<String> trim(Trimspec ts, Expression<String> x);

    /**
     * Create expression to trim character from both ends of
     * a string.
     * @param t  expression for character to be trimmed
     * @param x  expression for string to trim
     * @return trim expression
     */
    Expression<String> trim(Expression<Character> t, Expression<String> x);

    /**
     * Create expression to trim character from a string.
     * @param ts  trim specification
     * @param t  expression for character to be trimmed
     * @param x  expression for string to trim
     * @return trim expression
     */
    Expression<String> trim(Trimspec ts, Expression<Character> t, Expression<String> x);

    /**
     * Create expression to trim character from both ends of
     * a string.
     * @param t  character to be trimmed
     * @param x  expression for string to trim
     * @return trim expression
     */
    Expression<String> trim(char t, Expression<String> x);

    /**
     * Create expression to trim character from a string.
     * @param ts  trim specification
     * @param t  character to be trimmed
     * @param x  expression for string to trim
     * @return trim expression
     */
    Expression<String> trim(Trimspec ts, char t, Expression<String> x);

    /**
     * Create expression for converting a string to lowercase.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @return expression to convert to lowercase
     */
    Expression<String> lower(Expression<String> x);

    /**
     * Create expression for converting a string to uppercase.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @return expression to convert to uppercase
     */
    Expression<String> upper(Expression<String> x);

    /**
     * Create expression to return length of a string.
     * @param x  string expression
     * @return length expression
     */
    Expression<Integer> length(Expression<String> x);

    /**
     * Create expression to locate the position of one string
     * within another, returning position of first character
     * if found.
     * The first position in a string is denoted by 1.  If the
     * string to be located is not found, 0 is returned.
     * @param x  expression for string to be searched
     * @param pattern  expression for string to be located
     * @return expression corresponding to position
     */
    Expression<Integer> locate(Expression<String> x, Expression<String> pattern);

    /**
     * Create expression to locate the position of one string
     * within another, returning position of first character
     * if found.
     * The first position in a string is denoted by 1.  If the
     * string to be located is not found, 0 is returned.
     * @param x  expression for string to be searched
     * @param pattern  string to be located
     * @return expression corresponding to position
     */
    Expression<Integer> locate(Expression<String> x, String pattern);

    /**
     * Create expression to locate the position of one string
     * within another, returning position of first character
     * if found.
     * The first position in a string is denoted by 1.  If the
     * string to be located is not found, 0 is returned.
     * @param x  expression for string to be searched
     * @param pattern  expression for string to be located
     * @param from  expression for position at which to start search
     * @return expression corresponding to position
     */
    Expression<Integer> locate(Expression<String> x, Expression<String> pattern, Expression<Integer> from);

    /**
     * Create expression to locate the position of one string
     * within another, returning position of first character
     * if found.
     * The first position in a string is denoted by 1.  If the
     * string to be located is not found, 0 is returned.
     * @param x  expression for string to be searched
     * @param pattern  string to be located
     * @param from  position at which to start search
     * @return expression corresponding to position
     */
    Expression<Integer> locate(Expression<String> x, String pattern, int from);

    // Date/time/timestamp functions:

    /**
     *  Create expression to return current date.
     *  @return expression for current date
     */
    Expression<java.sql.Date> currentDate();

    /**
     *  Create expression to return current timestamp.
     *  @return expression for current timestamp
     */
    Expression<java.sql.Timestamp> currentTimestamp();

    /**
     *  Create expression to return current time.
     *  @return expression for current time
     */
    Expression<java.sql.Time> currentTime();

    //in builders:

    /**
     *  Interface used to build in predicates.
     */
    public static interface In<T> extends Predicate {

         /**
          * Return the expression to be tested against the
          * list of values.
          * @return expression
          */
         Expression<T> getExpression();

         /**
          *  Add to list of values to be tested against.
          *  @param value value
          *  @return in predicate
          */
         In<T> value(T value);

         /**
          *  Add to list of values to be tested against.
          *  @param value expression
          *  @return in predicate
          */
         In<T> value(Expression<? extends T> value);
     }

    /**
     *  Create predicate to test whether given expression
     *  is contained in a list of values.
     *  @param  expression to be tested against list of values
     *  @return  in predicate
     */
    <T> In<T> in(Expression<? extends T> expression);

    // coalesce, nullif:

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns null if all its arguments
     * evaluate to null, and the value of the first non-null argument
     * otherwise.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y expression
     * @return coalesce expression
     */
    <Y> Expression<Y> coalesce(Expression<? extends Y> x, Expression<? extends Y> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that returns null if all its arguments
     * evaluate to null, and the value of the first non-null argument
     * otherwise.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y value
     * @return coalesce expression
     */
    <Y> Expression<Y> coalesce(Expression<? extends Y> x, Y y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that tests whether its argument are
     * equal, returning null if they are and the value of the
     * first expression if they are not.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y expression
     * @return nullif expression
     */
    <Y> Expression<Y> nullif(Expression<Y> x, Expression<?> y);

    /**
     * Create an expression that tests whether its argument are
     * equal, returning null if they are and the value of the
     * first expression if they are not.
     * @param x expression
     * @param y value
     * @return nullif expression
     */
    <Y> Expression<Y> nullif(Expression<Y> x, Y y);

    // coalesce builder:

    /**
     *  Interface used to build coalesce expressions.
     *
     * A coalesce expression is equivalent to a case expression
     * that returns null if all its arguments evaluate to null,
     * and the value of its first non-null argument otherwise.
     */
    public static interface Coalesce<T> extends Expression<T> {

         /**
          * Add an argument to the coalesce expression.
          * @param value  value
          * @return coalesce expression
          */
         Coalesce<T> value(T value);

         /**
          * Add an argument to the coalesce expression.
          * @param value expression
          * @return coalesce expression
          */
         Coalesce<T> value(Expression<? extends T> value);
    }

    /**
     * Create a coalesce expression.
     * @return coalesce expression
     */
    <T> Coalesce<T> coalesce();

    //case builders:

    /**
     *  Interface used to build simple case expressions.
     *  Case conditions are evaluated in the order in which
     *  they are specified.
     */
    public static interface SimpleCase<C,R> extends Expression<R> {

        /**
         * Return the expression to be tested against the
         * conditions.
         * @return expression
         */
        Expression<C> getExpression();

        /**
         * Add a when/then clause to the case expression.
         * @param condition  "when" condition
         * @param result  "then" result value
         * @return simple case expression
         */
        SimpleCase<C, R> when(C condition, R result);

        /**
         * Add a when/then clause to the case expression.
         * @param condition  "when" condition
         * @param result  "then" result expression
         * @return simple case expression
         */
        SimpleCase<C, R> when(C condition, Expression<? extends R> result);

        /**
         * Add an "else" clause to the case expression.
         * @param result  "else" result
         * @return expression
         */
        Expression<R> otherwise(R result);

        /**
         * Add an "else" clause to the case expression.
         * @param result  "else" result expression
         * @return expression
         */
        Expression<R> otherwise(Expression<? extends R> result);
    }

    /**
     *  Create a simple case expression.
     *  @param expression  to be tested against the case conditions
     *  @return simple case expression
     */
    <C, R> SimpleCase<C,R> selectCase(Expression<? extends C> expression);

    /**
     *  Interface used to build general case expressions.
     *  Case conditions are evaluated in the order in which
     *  they are specified.
     */
    public static interface Case<R> extends Expression<R> {

        /**
         * Add a when/then clause to the case expression.
         * @param condition  "when" condition
         * @param result  "then" result value
         * @return general case expression
         */
        Case<R> when(Expression<Boolean> condition, R result);

        /**
         * Add a when/then clause to the case expression.
         * @param condition  "when" condition
         * @param result  "then" result expression
         * @return general case expression
         */
        Case<R> when(Expression<Boolean> condition, Expression<? extends R> result);

        /**
         * Add an "else" clause to the case expression.
         * @param result  "else" result
         * @return expression
         */
        Expression<R> otherwise(R result);

        /**
         * Add an "else" clause to the case expression.
         * @param result  "else" result expression
         * @return expression
         */
        Expression<R> otherwise(Expression<? extends R> result);
    }

    /**
     *  Create a general case expression.
     *  @return general case expression
     */
    <R> Case<R> selectCase();

    /**
     * Create an expression for the execution of a database
     * function.
     * @param name  function name
     * @param type  expected result type
     * @param args  function arguments
     * @return expression
     */
   <T> Expression<T> function(String name, Class<T> type,
Expression<?>... args);

    // methods for downcasting:

    /**
     *  Downcast Join object to the specified type.
     *  @param join  Join object
     *  @param type type to be downcast to
     *  @return  Join object of the specified type
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    <X, T, V extends T> Join<X, V> treat(Join<X, T> join, Class<V> type);

    /**
     *  Downcast CollectionJoin object to the specified type.
     *  @param join  CollectionJoin object
     *  @param type type to be downcast to
     *  @return  CollectionJoin object of the specified type
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    <X, T, E extends T> CollectionJoin<X, E> treat(CollectionJoin<X, T> join, Class<E> type);

    /**
     *  Downcast SetJoin object to the specified type.
     *  @param join  SetJoin object
     *  @param type type to be downcast to
     *  @return  SetJoin object of the specified type
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    <X, T, E extends T> SetJoin<X, E> treat(SetJoin<X, T> join, Class<E> type);

    /**
     *  Downcast ListJoin object to the specified type.
     *  @param join  ListJoin object
     *  @param type type to be downcast to
     *  @return  ListJoin object of the specified type
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    <X, T, E extends T> ListJoin<X, E> treat(ListJoin<X, T> join, Class<E> type);

    /**
     *  Downcast MapJoin object to the specified type.
     *  @param join  MapJoin object
     *  @param type type to be downcast to
     *  @return  MapJoin object of the specified type
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    <X, K, T, V extends T> MapJoin<X, K, V> treat(MapJoin<X, K, T> join, Class<V> type);

    /**
     *  Downcast Path object to the specified type.
     *  @param path  path
     *  @param type type to be downcast to
     *  @return  Path object of the specified type
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    <X, T extends X> Path<T> treat(Path<X> path, Class<T> type);

    /**
     *  Downcast Root object to the specified type.
     *  @param root  root
     *  @param type type to be downcast to
     *  @return  Root object of the specified type
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    <X, T extends X> Root<T> treat(Root<X> root, Class<T> type);

}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

/**
 * The <code>CommonAbstractCriteria</code> interface defines functionality
 * that is common to both top-level criteria queries and subqueries as
 * well as to update and delete criteria operations.
 * It is not intended to be used directly in query construction.
 *
 * Note that criteria queries and criteria update and delete operations
 * are typed differently.
 * Criteria queries are typed according to the query result type.
 * Update and delete operations are typed according to the target of the
 * update or delete.
 *
 * @since 2.1
 */
public interface CommonAbstractCriteria {

    /**
     * Create a subquery of the query.
     * @param type  the subquery result type
     * @return subquery
     */
    <U> Subquery<U> subquery(Class<U> type);

    /**
     * Return the predicate that corresponds to the where clause
     * restriction(s), or null if no restrictions have been
     * specified.
     * @return where clause predicate
     */
    Predicate getRestriction();

}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.EntityType;

/**
 * The <code>AbstractQuery</code> interface defines functionality that is common
 * to both top-level queries and subqueries.
 * It is not intended to be used directly in query construction.
 *
 * All queries must have:
 * a set of root entities (which may in turn own joins).
 * All queries may have:
 * a conjunction of restrictions.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the result
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface AbstractQuery<T> extends CommonAbstractCriteria {

    /**
     * Create and add a query root corresponding to the given entity,
     * forming a cartesian product with any existing roots.
     * @param entityClass  the entity class
     * @return query root corresponding to the given entity
     */
    <X> Root<X> from(Class<X> entityClass);

    /**
     * Create and add a query root corresponding to the given entity,
     * forming a cartesian product with any existing roots.
     * @param entity  metamodel entity representing the entity
     *                of type X
     * @return query root corresponding to the given entity
     */
    <X> Root<X> from(EntityType<X> entity);

    /**
     * Modify the query to restrict the query results according
     * to the specified boolean expression.
     * Replaces the previously added restriction(s), if any.
     * @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     * @return the modified query
     */
    AbstractQuery<T> where(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     * Modify the query to restrict the query results according
     * to the conjunction of the specified restriction predicates.
     * Replaces the previously added restriction(s), if any.
     * If no restrictions are specified, any previously added
     * restrictions are simply removed.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return the modified query
     */
    AbstractQuery<T> where(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Specify the expressions that are used to form groups over
     * the query results.
     * Replaces the previous specified grouping expressions, if any.
     * If no grouping expressions are specified, any previously
     * added grouping expressions are simply removed.
     * @param grouping  zero or more grouping expressions
     * @return the modified query
     */
    AbstractQuery<T> groupBy(Expression<?>... grouping);

    /**
     * Specify the expressions that are used to form groups over
     * the query results.
     * Replaces the previous specified grouping expressions, if any.
     * If no grouping expressions are specified, any previously
     * added grouping expressions are simply removed.
     * @param grouping  list of zero or more grouping expressions
     * @return the modified query
     */
    AbstractQuery<T> groupBy(List<Expression<?>> grouping);

    /**
     * Specify a restriction over the groups of the query.
     * Replaces the previous having restriction(s), if any.
     * @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     * @return the modified query
     */
    AbstractQuery<T> having(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     * Specify restrictions over the groups of the query
     * according the conjunction of the specified restriction
     * predicates.
     * Replaces the previously having added restriction(s), if any.
     * If no restrictions are specified, any previously added
     * restrictions are simply removed.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return the modified query
     */
    AbstractQuery<T> having(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Specify whether duplicate query results will be eliminated.
     * A true value will cause duplicates to be eliminated.
     * A false value will cause duplicates to be retained.
     * If distinct has not been specified, duplicate results must
     * be retained.
     * @param distinct  boolean value specifying whether duplicate
     *        results must be eliminated from the query result or
     *        whether they must be retained
     * @return the modified query
     */
    AbstractQuery<T> distinct(boolean distinct);

    /**
     * Return the query roots.  These are the roots that have
     * been defined for the <code>CriteriaQuery</code> or <code>Subquery</code> itself,
     * including any subquery roots defined as a result of
     * correlation. Returns empty set if no roots have been defined.
     * Modifications to the set do not affect the query.
     * @return the set of query roots
     */
    Set<Root<?>> getRoots();

    /**
     *  Return the selection of the query, or null if no selection
     *  has been set.
     *  @return selection item
     */
    Selection<T> getSelection();

    /**
     * Return a list of the grouping expressions.  Returns empty
     * list if no grouping expressions have been specified.
     * Modifications to the list do not affect the query.
     * @return the list of grouping expressions
     */
    List<Expression<?>> getGroupList();

    /**
     * Return the predicate that corresponds to the restriction(s)
     * over the grouping items, or null if no restrictions have
     * been specified.
     * @return having clause predicate
     */
    Predicate getGroupRestriction();

    /**
     * Return whether duplicate query results must be eliminated or
     * retained.
     * @return boolean indicating whether duplicate query results
     *         must be eliminated
     */
    boolean isDistinct();

    /**
     * Return the result type of the query or subquery.  If a result
     * type was specified as an argument to the
     * <code>createQuery</code> or <code>subquery</code> method, that
     * type will be returned.  If the query was created using the
     * <code>createTupleQuery</code> method, the result type is
     * <code>Tuple</code>.  Otherwise, the result type is
     * <code>Object</code>.
     * @return result type
     */
    Class<T> getResultType();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * The <code>CriteriaQuery</code> interface defines functionality that is specific
 * to top-level queries.
 *
 * @param <T>  the type of the defined result
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface CriteriaQuery<T> extends AbstractQuery<T> {

    /**
     * Specify the item that is to be returned in the query result.
     * Replaces the previously specified selection(s), if any.
     *
     * <p> Note: Applications using the string-based API may need to
     * specify the type of the select item when it results from
     * a get or join operation and the query result type is
     * specified.
     *
     * <pre>
     *     For example:
     *
     *     CriteriaQuery&#060;String&#062; q = cb.createQuery(String.class);
     *     Root&#060;Order&#062; order = q.from(Order.class);
     *     q.select(order.get("shippingAddress").&#060;String&#062;get("state"));
     *
     *     CriteriaQuery&#060;Product&#062; q2 = cb.createQuery(Product.class);
     *     q2.select(q2.from(Order.class)
     *                 .join("items")
     *                 .&#060;Item,Product&#062;join("product"));
     *
     * </pre>
     * @param selection  selection specifying the item that
     *        is to be returned in the query result
     * @return the modified query
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the selection is
     *         a compound selection and more than one selection
     *         item has the same assigned alias
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> select(Selection<? extends T> selection);

    /**
     * Specify the selection items that are to be returned in the
     * query result.
     * Replaces the previously specified selection(s), if any.
     *
     * The type of the result of the query execution depends on
     * the specification of the type of the criteria query object
     * created as well as the arguments to the multiselect method.
     * <p> An argument to the multiselect method must not be a tuple-
     * or array-valued compound selection item.
     *
     * <p>The semantics of this method are as follows:
     * <ul>
     * <li>
     * If the type of the criteria query is
     * <code>CriteriaQuery&#060;Tuple&#062;</code> (i.e., a criteria
     * query object created by either the
     * <code>createTupleQuery</code> method or by passing a
     * <code>Tuple</code> class argument to the
     * <code>createQuery</code> method), a <code>Tuple</code> object
     * corresponding to the arguments of the <code>multiselect</code>
     * method, in the specified order, will be instantiated and
     * returned for each row that results from the query execution.
     *
     * <li> If the type of the criteria query is <code>CriteriaQuery&#060;X&#062;</code> for
     * some user-defined class X (i.e., a criteria query object
     * created by passing a X class argument to the <code>createQuery</code>
     * method), the arguments to the <code>multiselect</code> method will be
     * passed to the X constructor and an instance of type X will be
     * returned for each row.
     *
     * <li> If the type of the criteria query is <code>CriteriaQuery&#060;X[]&#062;</code> for
     * some class X, an instance of type X[] will be returned for
     * each row.   The elements of the array will correspond to the
     * arguments of the <code>multiselect</code> method, in the
     * specified order.
     *
     * <li> If the type of the criteria query is <code>CriteriaQuery&#060;Object&#062;</code>
     * or if the criteria query was created without specifying a
     * type, and only a single argument is passed to the <code>multiselect</code>
     * method, an instance of type <code>Object</code> will be returned for
     * each row.
     *
     * <li> If the type of the criteria query is <code>CriteriaQuery&#060;Object&#062;</code>
     * or if the criteria query was created without specifying a
     * type, and more than one argument is passed to the <code>multiselect</code>
     * method, an instance of type <code>Object[]</code> will be instantiated
     * and returned for each row.  The elements of the array will
     * correspond to the arguments to the <code> multiselect</code>  method,
     * in the specified order.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param selections  selection items corresponding to the
     *        results to be returned by the query
     * @return the modified query
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a selection item is
     *         not valid or if more than one selection item has
     *         the same assigned alias
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> multiselect(Selection<?>... selections);

    /**
     * Specify the selection items that are to be returned in the
     * query result.
     * Replaces the previously specified selection(s), if any.
     *
     * <p> The type of the result of the query execution depends on
     * the specification of the type of the criteria query object
     * created as well as the argument to the <code>multiselect</code> method.
     * An element of the list passed to the <code>multiselect</code> method
     * must not be a tuple- or array-valued compound selection item.
     *
     * <p> The semantics of this method are as follows:
     * <ul>
     * <li> If the type of the criteria query is <code>CriteriaQuery&#060;Tuple&#062;</code>
     * (i.e., a criteria query object created by either the
     * <code>createTupleQuery</code> method or by passing a <code>Tuple</code> class argument
     * to the <code>createQuery</code> method), a <code>Tuple</code> object corresponding to
     * the elements of the list passed to the <code>multiselect</code> method,
     * in the specified order, will be instantiated and returned for each
     * row that results from the query execution.
     *
     * <li> If the type of the criteria query is <code>CriteriaQuery&#060;X&#062;</code> for
     * some user-defined class X (i.e., a criteria query object
     * created by passing a X class argument to the <code>createQuery</code>
     * method), the elements of the list passed to the <code>multiselect</code>
     * method will be passed to the X constructor and an instance
     * of type X will be returned for each row.
     *
     * <li> If the type of the criteria query is <code>CriteriaQuery&#060;X[]&#062;</code> for
     * some class X, an instance of type X[] will be returned for
     * each row.   The elements of the array will correspond to the
     * elements of the list passed to the <code>multiselect</code> method,
     * in the specified order.
     *
     * <li> If the type of the criteria query is <code>CriteriaQuery&#060;Object&#062;</code>
     * or if the criteria query was created without specifying a
     * type, and the list passed to the <code>multiselect</code> method contains
     * only a single element, an instance of type <code>Object</code> will be
     * returned for each row.
     *
     * <li> If the type of the criteria query is <code>CriteriaQuery&#060;Object&#062;</code>
     * or if the criteria query was created without specifying a
     * type, and the list passed to the <code>multiselect</code> method contains
     * more than one element, an instance of type <code>Object[]</code> will be
     * instantiated and returned for each row.  The elements of the
     * array will correspond to the elements of the list passed to
     * the <code>multiselect</code> method, in the specified order.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param selectionList  list of selection items corresponding
     *        to the results to be returned by the query
     * @return the modified query
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if a selection item is
     *         not valid or if more than one selection item has
     *         the same assigned alias
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> multiselect(List<Selection<?>> selectionList);

    /**
     * Modify the query to restrict the query result according
     * to the specified boolean expression.
     * Replaces the previously added restriction(s), if any.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     * @return the modified query
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> where(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     * Modify the query to restrict the query result according
     * to the conjunction of the specified restriction predicates.
     * Replaces the previously added restriction(s), if any.
     * If no restrictions are specified, any previously added
     * restrictions are simply removed.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return the modified query
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> where(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Specify the expressions that are used to form groups over
     * the query results.
     * Replaces the previous specified grouping expressions, if any.
     * If no grouping expressions are specified, any previously
     * added grouping expressions are simply removed.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param grouping  zero or more grouping expressions
     * @return the modified query
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> groupBy(Expression<?>... grouping);

    /**
     * Specify the expressions that are used to form groups over
     * the query results.
     * Replaces the previous specified grouping expressions, if any.
     * If no grouping expressions are specified, any previously
     * added grouping expressions are simply removed.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param grouping  list of zero or more grouping expressions
     * @return the modified query
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> groupBy(List<Expression<?>> grouping);

    /**
     * Specify a restriction over the groups of the query.
     * Replaces the previous having restriction(s), if any.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     * @return the modified query
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> having(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     * Specify restrictions over the groups of the query
     * according the conjunction of the specified restriction
     * predicates.
     * Replaces the previously added having restriction(s), if any.
     * If no restrictions are specified, any previously added
     * restrictions are simply removed.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return the modified query
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> having(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Specify the ordering expressions that are used to
     * order the query results.
     * Replaces the previous ordering expressions, if any.
     * If no ordering expressions are specified, the previous
     * ordering, if any, is simply removed, and results will
     * be returned in no particular order.
     * The left-to-right sequence of the ordering expressions
     * determines the precedence, whereby the leftmost has highest
     * precedence.
     * @param o  zero or more ordering expressions
     * @return the modified query
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> orderBy(Order... o);

    /**
     * Specify the ordering expressions that are used to
     * order the query results.
     * Replaces the previous ordering expressions, if any.
     * If no ordering expressions are specified, the previous
     * ordering, if any, is simply removed, and results will
     * be returned in no particular order.
     * The order of the ordering expressions in the list
     * determines the precedence, whereby the first element in the
     * list has highest precedence.
     * @param o  list of zero or more ordering expressions
     * @return the modified query
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> orderBy(List<Order> o);

    /**
     * Specify whether duplicate query results will be eliminated.
     * A true value will cause duplicates to be eliminated.
     * A false value will cause duplicates to be retained.
     * If distinct has not been specified, duplicate results must
     * be retained.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param distinct  boolean value specifying whether duplicate
     *        results must be eliminated from the query result or
     *        whether they must be retained
     * @return the modified query.
     */
    CriteriaQuery<T> distinct(boolean distinct);

    /**
     * Return the ordering expressions in order of precedence.
     * Returns empty list if no ordering expressions have been
     * specified.
     * Modifications to the list do not affect the query.
     * @return the list of ordering expressions
     */
    List<Order> getOrderList();

    /**
     * Return the parameters of the query.  Returns empty set if
     * there are no parameters.
     * Modifications to the set do not affect the query.
     * @return the query parameters
     */
    Set<ParameterExpression<?>> getParameters();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.SingularAttribute;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.EntityType;

/**
 * The <code>CriteriaUpdate</code> interface defines functionality for performing
 * bulk update operations using the Criteria API.
 *
 * Criteria API bulk update operations map directly to database update
 * operations, bypassing any optimistic locking checks. Portable
 * applications using bulk update operations must manually update the
 * value of the version column, if desired, and/or manually validate
 * the value of the version column.
 * The persistence context is not synchronized with the result of the
 * bulk update.
 *
 * A <code>CriteriaUpdate</code> object must have a single root.
 *
 * @param <T> the entity type that is the target of the update
 *
 * @since 2.1
 */
public interface CriteriaUpdate<T> extends CommonAbstractCriteria {

   /**
    * Create and add a query root corresponding to the entity
    * that is the target of the update.
    * A <code>CriteriaUpdate</code> object has a single root, the entity that
    * is being updated.
    * @param entityClass  the entity class
    * @return query root corresponding to the given entity
    */
   Root<T> from(Class<T> entityClass);

   /**
    * Create and add a query root corresponding to the entity
    * that is the target of the update.
    * A <code>CriteriaUpdate</code> object has a single root, the entity that
    * is being updated.
    * @param entity  metamodel entity representing the entity
    *                of type X
    * @return query root corresponding to the given entity
    */
   Root<T> from(EntityType<T> entity);

   /**
    * Return the query root.
    * @return the query root
    */
   Root<T> getRoot();

   /**
    * Update the value of the specified attribute.
    * @param attribute  attribute to be updated
    * @param value  new value
    * @return  the modified update query
    */
   <Y, X extends Y> CriteriaUpdate<T> set(SingularAttribute<? super T, Y> attribute, X value);

   /**
    * Update the value of the specified attribute.
    * @param attribute  attribute to be updated
    * @param value  new value
    * @return  the modified update query
    */
   <Y> CriteriaUpdate<T> set(SingularAttribute<? super T, Y> attribute, Expression<? extends Y> value);

   /**
    * Update the value of the specified attribute.
    * @param attribute  attribute to be updated
    * @param value  new value
    * @return  the modified update query
    */
   <Y, X extends Y> CriteriaUpdate<T> set(Path<Y> attribute, X value);

   /**
    * Update the value of the specified attribute.
    * @param attribute  attribute to be updated
    * @param value  new value
    * @return  the modified update query
    */
   <Y> CriteriaUpdate<T> set(Path<Y> attribute, Expression<? extends Y> value);

   /**
    * Update the value of the specified attribute.
    * @param attributeName  name of the attribute to be updated
    * @param value  new value
    * @return  the modified update query
    */
   CriteriaUpdate<T> set(String attributeName, Object value);

    /**
     * Modify the update query to restrict the target of the update
     * according to the specified boolean expression.
     * Replaces the previously added restriction(s), if any.
     * @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     * @return the modified update query
     */
   CriteriaUpdate<T> where(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     * Modify the update query to restrict the target of the update
     * according to the conjunction of the specified restriction
     * predicates.
     * Replaces the previously added restriction(s), if any.
     * If no restrictions are specified, any previously added
     * restrictions are simply removed.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return the modified update query
     */
   CriteriaUpdate<T> where(Predicate... restrictions);
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.EntityType;

/**
 * The <code>CriteriaDelete</code> interface defines functionality for performing
 * bulk delete operations using the Criteria API
 *
 * Criteria API bulk delete operations map directly to database
 * delete operations. The persistence context is not synchronized
 * with the result of the bulk delete.
 *
 * A <code>CriteriaDelete</code> object must have a single root.
 *
 * @param <T> the entity type that is the target of the delete
 *
 * @since 2.1
 */
public interface CriteriaDelete<T> extends CommonAbstractCriteria {

    /**
     * Create and add a query root corresponding to the entity
     * that is the target of the delete.
     * A <code>CriteriaDelete</code> object has a single root, the entity that
     * is being deleted.
     * @param entityClass  the entity class
     * @return query root corresponding to the given entity
     */
    Root<T> from(Class<T> entityClass);

    /**
     * Create and add a query root corresponding to the entity
     * that is the target of the delete.
     * A <code>CriteriaDelete</code> object has a single root, the entity that
     * is being deleted.
     * @param entity  metamodel entity representing the entity
     *                of type X
     * @return query root corresponding to the given entity
     */
    Root<T> from(EntityType<T> entity);

   /**
    * Return the query root.
    * @return the query root
    */
   Root<T> getRoot();

    /**
     * Modify the delete query to restrict the target of the deletion
     * according to the specified boolean expression.
     * Replaces the previously added restriction(s), if any.
     * @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     * @return the modified delete query
     */
   CriteriaDelete<T> where(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     * Modify the delete query to restrict the target of the deletion
     * according to the conjunction of the specified restriction
     * predicates.
     * Replaces the previously added restriction(s), if any.
     * If no restrictions are specified, any previously added
     * restrictions are simply removed.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return the modified delete query
     */
   CriteriaDelete<T> where(Predicate... restrictions);

}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * The <code>Subquery</code> interface defines functionality that is
 * specific to subqueries.
 *
 * A subquery has an expression as its selection item.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the selection item.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Subquery<T> extends AbstractQuery<T>, Expression<T> {

    /**
     * Specify the item that is to be returned as the subquery
     * result.
     * Replaces the previously specified selection, if any.
     * @param expression  expression specifying the item that
     *        is to be returned as the subquery result
     * @return the modified subquery
     */
    Subquery<T> select(Expression<T> expression);

    /**
     * Modify the subquery to restrict the result according
     * to the specified boolean expression.
     * Replaces the previously added restriction(s), if any.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     * @return the modified subquery
     */
    Subquery<T> where(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     * Modify the subquery to restrict the result according
     * to the conjunction of the specified restriction predicates.
     * Replaces the previously added restriction(s), if any.
     * If no restrictions are specified, any previously added
     * restrictions are simply removed.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return the modified subquery
     */
    Subquery<T> where(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Specify the expressions that are used to form groups over
     * the subquery results.
     * Replaces the previous specified grouping expressions, if any.
     * If no grouping expressions are specified, any previously
     * added grouping expressions are simply removed.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param grouping  zero or more grouping expressions
     * @return the modified subquery
     */
    Subquery<T> groupBy(Expression<?>... grouping);

    /**
     * Specify the expressions that are used to form groups over
     * the subquery results.
     * Replaces the previous specified grouping expressions, if any.
     * If no grouping expressions are specified, any previously
     * added grouping expressions are simply removed.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param grouping  list of zero or more grouping expressions
     * @return the modified subquery
     */
    Subquery<T> groupBy(List<Expression<?>> grouping);

    /**
     * Specify a restriction over the groups of the subquery.
     * Replaces the previous having restriction(s), if any.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     * @return the modified subquery
     */
    Subquery<T> having(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     * Specify restrictions over the groups of the subquery
     * according the conjunction of the specified restriction
     * predicates.
     * Replaces the previously added having restriction(s), if any.
     * If no restrictions are specified, any previously added
     * restrictions are simply removed.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     * @return the modified subquery
     */
    Subquery<T> having(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Specify whether duplicate query results will be eliminated.
     * A true value will cause duplicates to be eliminated.
     * A false value will cause duplicates to be retained.
     * If distinct has not been specified, duplicate results must
     * be retained.
     * This method only overrides the return type of the
     * corresponding <code>AbstractQuery</code> method.
     * @param distinct  boolean value specifying whether duplicate
     *        results must be eliminated from the subquery result or
     *        whether they must be retained
     * @return the modified subquery.
     */
    Subquery<T> distinct(boolean distinct);

    /**
     * Create a subquery root correlated to a root of the
     * enclosing query.
     * @param parentRoot  a root of the containing query
     * @return subquery root
     */
    <Y> Root<Y> correlate(Root<Y> parentRoot);

    /**
     * Create a subquery join object correlated to a join object
     * of the enclosing query.
     * @param parentJoin  join object of the containing query
     * @return subquery join
     */
    <X, Y> Join<X, Y> correlate(Join<X, Y> parentJoin);

    /**
     * Create a subquery collection join object correlated to a
     * collection join object of the enclosing query.
     * @param parentCollection  join object of the containing query
     * @return subquery join
     */
    <X, Y> CollectionJoin<X, Y> correlate(CollectionJoin<X, Y> parentCollection);

    /**
     * Create a subquery set join object correlated to a set join
     * object of the enclosing query.
     * @param parentSet  join object of the containing query
     * @return subquery join
     */
    <X, Y> SetJoin<X, Y> correlate(SetJoin<X, Y> parentSet);

    /**
     * Create a subquery list join object correlated to a list join
     * object of the enclosing query.
     * @param parentList join object of the containing query
     * @return subquery join
     */
    <X, Y> ListJoin<X, Y> correlate(ListJoin<X, Y> parentList);

    /**
     * Create a subquery map join object correlated to a map join
     * object of the enclosing query.
     * @param parentMap join object of the containing query
     * @return subquery join
     */
    <X, K, V> MapJoin<X, K, V> correlate(MapJoin<X, K, V> parentMap);

    /**
     * Return the query of which this is a subquery.
     * This must be a CriteriaQuery or a Subquery.
     * @return the enclosing query or subquery
     */
    AbstractQuery<?> getParent();

    /**
     * Return the query of which this is a subquery.
     * This may be a CriteriaQuery, CriteriaUpdate, CriteriaDelete,
     * or a Subquery.
     * @return the enclosing query or subquery
     * @since 2.1
     */
    CommonAbstractCriteria getContainingQuery();

    /**
     * Return the selection expression.
     * @return the item to be returned in the subquery result
     */
    Expression<T> getSelection();

    /**
     *  Return the correlated joins of the subquery.
     *  Returns empty set if the subquery has no correlated
     *  joins.
     *  Modifications to the set do not affect the query.
     *  @return the correlated joins of the subquery
     */
    Set<Join<?, ?>> getCorrelatedJoins();

}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.TupleElement;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * The <code>Selection</code> interface defines an item that is to be
 * returned in a query result.
 *
 * @param <X> the type of the selection item
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Selection<X> extends TupleElement<X> {

    /**
     * Assigns an alias to the selection item.
     * Once assigned, an alias cannot be changed or reassigned.
     * Returns the same selection item.
     * @param name  alias
     * @return selection item
     */
    Selection<X> alias(String name);

    /**
     * Whether the selection item is a compound selection.
     * @return boolean indicating whether the selection is a compound
     *         selection
     */
    boolean isCompoundSelection();

    /**
     * Return the selection items composing a compound selection.
     * Modifications to the list do not affect the query.
     * @return list of selection items
     * @throws IllegalStateException if selection is not a
     *         compound selection
     */
    List<Selection<?>> getCompoundSelectionItems();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

/**
 * The <code>CompoundSelection</code> interface defines a compound selection item
 * (tuple, array, or result of constructor).
 *
 * @param <X> the type of the selection item
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface CompoundSelection<X> extends Selection<X> {}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import java.util.Collection;

/**
 * Type for query expressions.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the expression
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Expression<T> extends Selection<T> {

    /**
     *  Create a predicate to test whether the expression is null.
     *  @return predicate testing whether the expression is null
     */
    Predicate isNull();

    /**
     *  Create a predicate to test whether the expression is
     *  not null.
     *  @return predicate testing whether the expression is not null
     */
    Predicate isNotNull();

    /**
     * Create a predicate to test whether the expression is a member
     * of the argument list.
     * @param values  values to be tested against
     * @return predicate testing for membership
     */
    Predicate in(Object... values);

    /**
     * Create a predicate to test whether the expression is a member
     * of the argument list.
     * @param values  expressions to be tested against
     * @return predicate testing for membership
     */
    Predicate in(Expression<?>... values);

    /**
     * Create a predicate to test whether the expression is a member
     * of the collection.
     * @param values  collection of values to be tested against
     * @return predicate testing for membership
     */
    Predicate in(Collection<?> values);

    /**
     * Create a predicate to test whether the expression is a member
     * of the collection.
     * @param values expression corresponding to collection to be
     *        tested against
     * @return predicate testing for membership
     */
    Predicate in(Expression<Collection<?>> values);

    /**
     * Perform a typecast upon the expression, returning a new
     * expression object.
     * This method does not cause type conversion:
     * the runtime type is not changed.
     * Warning: may result in a runtime failure.
     * @param type  intended type of the expression
     * @return new expression of the given type
     */
    <X> Expression<X> as(Class<X> type);
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import java.util.List;

/**
 * The type of a simple or compound predicate: a conjunction or
 * disjunction of restrictions.
 * A simple predicate is considered to be a conjunction with a
 * single conjunct.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Predicate extends Expression<Boolean> {

        public static enum BooleanOperator {
              AND, OR
        }

    /**
     * Return the boolean operator for the predicate.
     * If the predicate is simple, this is <code>AND</code>.
     * @return boolean operator for the predicate
     */
    BooleanOperator getOperator();

    /**
     * Whether the predicate has been created from another
     * predicate by applying the <code>Predicate.not()</code> method
     * or the <code>CriteriaBuilder.not()</code> method.
     * @return boolean indicating if the predicate is
     *                 a negated predicate
     */
    boolean isNegated();

    /**
     * Return the top-level conjuncts or disjuncts of the predicate.
     * Returns empty list if there are no top-level conjuncts or
     * disjuncts of the predicate.
     * Modifications to the list do not affect the query.
     * @return list of boolean expressions forming the predicate
     */
    List<Expression<Boolean>> getExpressions();

    /**
     * Create a negation of the predicate.
     * @return negated predicate
     */
    Predicate not();

}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.PluralAttribute;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.SingularAttribute;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.Bindable;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.MapAttribute;

/**
 * Represents a simple or compound attribute path from a
 * bound type or collection, and is a "primitive" expression.
 *
 * @param <X> the type referenced by the path
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Path<X> extends Expression<X> {

    /**
     * Return the bindable object that corresponds to the
     * path expression.
     * @return bindable object corresponding to the path
     */
    Bindable<X> getModel();

    /**
     *  Return the parent "node" in the path or null if no parent.
     *  @return parent
     */
    Path<?> getParentPath();

    /**
     *  Create a path corresponding to the referenced
     *  single-valued attribute.
     *  @param attribute single-valued attribute
     *  @return path corresponding to the referenced attribute
     */
    <Y> Path<Y> get(SingularAttribute<? super X, Y> attribute);

    /**
     *  Create a path corresponding to the referenced
     *  collection-valued attribute.
     *  @param collection collection-valued attribute
     *  @return expression corresponding to the referenced attribute
     */
    <E, C extends java.util.Collection<E>> Expression<C> get(PluralAttribute<X, C, E> collection);

    /**
     *  Create a path corresponding to the referenced
     *  map-valued attribute.
     *  @param map map-valued attribute
     *  @return expression corresponding to the referenced attribute
     */
    <K, V, M extends java.util.Map<K, V>> Expression<M> get(MapAttribute<X, K, V> map);

    /**
     *  Create an expression corresponding to the type of the path.
     *  @return expression corresponding to the type of the path
     */
    Expression<Class<? extends X>> type();

    //String-based:

    /**
     *  Create a path corresponding to the referenced attribute.
     *
     *  <p> Note: Applications using the string-based API may need to
     *  specify the type resulting from the <code>get</code> operation in order
     *  to avoid the use of <code>Path</code> variables.
     *
     *  <pre>
     *     For example:
     *
     *     CriteriaQuery&#060;Person&#062; q = cb.createQuery(Person.class);
     *     Root&#060;Person&#062; p = q.from(Person.class);
     *     q.select(p)
     *      .where(cb.isMember("joe",
     *                         p.&#060;Set&#060;String&#062;&#062;get("nicknames")));
     *
     *     rather than:
     *
     *     CriteriaQuery&#060;Person&#062; q = cb.createQuery(Person.class);
     *     Root&#060;Person&#062; p = q.from(Person.class);
     *     Path&#060;Set&#060;String&#062;&#062; nicknames = p.get("nicknames");
     *     q.select(p)
     *      .where(cb.isMember("joe", nicknames));
     *  </pre>
     *
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute
     *  @return path corresponding to the referenced attribute
     *  @throws IllegalStateException if invoked on a path that
     *          corresponds to a basic type
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *           name does not otherwise exist
     */
    <Y> Path<Y> get(String attributeName);
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.PluralAttribute;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.SingularAttribute;

/**
 * Represents an element of the from clause which may
 * function as the parent of Fetches.
 *
 * @param <Z>  the source type
 * @param <X>  the target type
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface FetchParent<Z, X> {

    /**
     *  Return the fetch joins that have been made from this type.
     *  Returns empty set if no fetch joins have been made from
     *  this type.
     *  Modifications to the set do not affect the query.
     *  @return fetch joins made from this type
     */
    java.util.Set<Fetch<X, ?>> getFetches();

    /**
     *  Create a fetch join to the specified single-valued attribute
     *  using an inner join.
     *  @param attribute  target of the join
     *  @return the resulting fetch join
     */
    <Y> Fetch<X, Y> fetch(SingularAttribute<? super X, Y> attribute);

    /**
     *  Create a fetch join to the specified single-valued attribute
     *  using the given join type.
     *  @param attribute  target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting fetch join
     */
    <Y> Fetch<X, Y> fetch(SingularAttribute<? super X, Y> attribute, JoinType jt);

    /**
     *  Create a fetch join to the specified collection-valued
     *  attribute using an inner join.
     *  @param attribute  target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <Y> Fetch<X, Y> fetch(PluralAttribute<? super X, ?, Y> attribute);

    /**
     *  Create a fetch join to the specified collection-valued
     *  attribute using the given join type.
     *  @param attribute  target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <Y> Fetch<X, Y> fetch(PluralAttribute<? super X, ?, Y> attribute, JoinType jt);

    //String-based:

    /**
     *  Create a fetch join to the specified attribute using an
     *  inner join.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *         target of the join
     *  @return the resulting fetch join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("hiding")
    <X, Y> Fetch<X, Y> fetch(String attributeName);

    /**
     *  Create a fetch join to the specified attribute using
     *  the given join type.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting fetch join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("hiding")
    <X, Y> Fetch<X, Y> fetch(String attributeName, JoinType jt);
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.Attribute;

/**
 * Represents a join-fetched association or attribute.
 *
 * @param <Z>  the source type of the fetch
 * @param <X>  the target type of the fetch
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Fetch<Z, X> extends FetchParent<Z, X> {

    /**
     * Return the metamodel attribute corresponding to the
     * fetch join.
     * @return metamodel attribute for the join
     */
    Attribute<? super Z, ?> getAttribute();

    /**
     * Return the parent of the fetched item.
     * @return fetch parent
     */
    FetchParent<?, Z> getParent();

    /**
     * Return the join type used in the fetch join.
     * @return join type
     */
    JoinType getJoinType();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.SingularAttribute;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.CollectionAttribute;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.ListAttribute;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.MapAttribute;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.SetAttribute;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * Represents a bound type, usually an entity that appears in
 * the from clause, but may also be an embeddable belonging to
 * an entity in the from clause.
 * Serves as a factory for Joins of associations, embeddables, and
 * collections belonging to the type, and for Paths of attributes
 * belonging to the type.
 *
 * @param <Z> the source type
 * @param <X> the target type
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
@SuppressWarnings("hiding")
public interface From<Z, X> extends Path<X>, FetchParent<Z, X> {

    /**
     *  Return the joins that have been made from this bound type.
     *  Returns empty set if no joins have been made from this
     *  bound type.
     *  Modifications to the set do not affect the query.
     *  @return joins made from this type
     */
    Set<Join<X, ?>> getJoins();

    /**
     *  Whether the <code>From</code> object has been obtained as a result of
     *  correlation (use of a <code>Subquery</code> <code>correlate</code>
     *  method).
     *  @return boolean indicating whether the object has been
     *          obtained through correlation
     */
    boolean isCorrelated();

    /**
     *  Returns the parent <code>From</code> object from which the correlated
     *  <code>From</code> object has been obtained through correlation (use
     *  of a <code>Subquery</code> <code>correlate</code> method).
     *  @return  the parent of the correlated From object
     *  @throws IllegalStateException if the From object has
     *          not been obtained through correlation
     */
    From<Z, X> getCorrelationParent();

    /**
     *  Create an inner join to the specified single-valued
     *  attribute.
     *  @param attribute  target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <Y> Join<X, Y> join(SingularAttribute<? super X, Y> attribute);

    /**
     *  Create a join to the specified single-valued attribute
     *  using the given join type.
     *  @param attribute  target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <Y> Join<X, Y> join(SingularAttribute<? super X, Y> attribute, JoinType jt);

    /**
     *  Create an inner join to the specified Collection-valued
     *  attribute.
     *  @param collection  target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <Y> CollectionJoin<X, Y> join(CollectionAttribute<? super X, Y> collection);

    /**
     *  Create an inner join to the specified Set-valued attribute.
     *  @param set  target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <Y> SetJoin<X, Y> join(SetAttribute<? super X, Y> set);

    /**
     *  Create an inner join to the specified List-valued attribute.
     *  @param list  target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <Y> ListJoin<X, Y> join(ListAttribute<? super X, Y> list);

    /**
     *  Create an inner join to the specified Map-valued attribute.
     *  @param map  target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <K, V> MapJoin<X, K, V> join(MapAttribute<? super X, K, V> map);

    /**
     *  Create a join to the specified Collection-valued attribute
     *  using the given join type.
     *  @param collection  target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <Y> CollectionJoin<X, Y> join(CollectionAttribute<? super X, Y> collection, JoinType jt);

    /**
     *  Create a join to the specified Set-valued attribute using
     *  the given join type.
     *  @param set  target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <Y> SetJoin<X, Y> join(SetAttribute<? super X, Y> set, JoinType jt);

    /**
     *  Create a join to the specified List-valued attribute using
     *  the given join type.
     *  @param list  target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <Y> ListJoin<X, Y> join(ListAttribute<? super X, Y> list, JoinType jt);

    /**
     *  Create a join to the specified Map-valued attribute using
     *  the given join type.
     *  @param map  target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     */
    <K, V> MapJoin<X, K, V> join(MapAttribute<? super X, K, V> map, JoinType jt);

    //String-based:

    /**
     *  Create an inner join to the specified attribute.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    <X, Y> Join<X, Y> join(String attributeName);

    /**
     *  Create an inner join to the specified Collection-valued
     *  attribute.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    <X, Y> CollectionJoin<X, Y> joinCollection(String attributeName);

    /**
     *  Create an inner join to the specified Set-valued attribute.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    <X, Y> SetJoin<X, Y> joinSet(String attributeName);

    /**
     *  Create an inner join to the specified List-valued attribute.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    <X, Y> ListJoin<X, Y> joinList(String attributeName);

    /**
     *  Create an inner join to the specified Map-valued attribute.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @return the resulting join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    <X, K, V> MapJoin<X, K, V> joinMap(String attributeName);

    /**
     *  Create a join to the specified attribute using the given
     *  join type.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    <X, Y> Join<X, Y> join(String attributeName, JoinType jt);

    /**
     *  Create a join to the specified Collection-valued attribute
     *  using the given join type.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    <X, Y> CollectionJoin<X, Y> joinCollection(String attributeName, JoinType jt);

    /**
     *  Create a join to the specified Set-valued attribute using
     *  the given join type.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    <X, Y> SetJoin<X, Y> joinSet(String attributeName, JoinType jt);

    /**
     *  Create a join to the specified List-valued attribute using
     *  the given join type.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    <X, Y> ListJoin<X, Y> joinList(String attributeName, JoinType jt);

    /**
     *  Create a join to the specified Map-valued attribute using
     *  the given join type.
     *  @param attributeName  name of the attribute for the
     *               target of the join
     *  @param jt  join type
     *  @return the resulting join
     *  @throws IllegalArgumentException if attribute of the given
     *          name does not exist
     */
    <X, K, V> MapJoin<X, K, V> joinMap(String attributeName, JoinType jt);
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.EntityType;

/**
 * A root type in the from clause.
 * Query roots always reference entities.
 *
 * @param <X> the entity type referenced by the root
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Root<X> extends From<X, X> {

    /**
     * Return the metamodel entity corresponding to the root.
     * @return metamodel entity corresponding to the root
     */
    EntityType<X> getModel();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.Attribute;

/**
 * A join to an entity, embeddable, or basic type.
 *
 * @param <Z> the source type of the join
 * @param <X> the target type of the join
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Join<Z, X> extends From<Z, X> {

    /**
     *  Modify the join to restrict the result according to the
     *  specified ON condition and return the join object.
     *  Replaces the previous ON condition, if any.
     *  @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     *  @return the modified join object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    Join<Z, X> on(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     *  Modify the join to restrict the result according to the
     *  specified ON condition and return the join object.
     *  Replaces the previous ON condition, if any.
     *  @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     *  @return the modified join object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    Join<Z, X> on(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     *  Return the predicate that corresponds to the ON
     *  restriction(s) on the join, or null if no ON condition
     *  has been specified.
     *  @return the ON restriction predicate
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    Predicate getOn();

    /**
     * Return the metamodel attribute corresponding to the join.
     * @return metamodel attribute corresponding to the join
     */
    Attribute<? super Z, ?> getAttribute();

    /**
     * Return the parent of the join.
     * @return join parent
     */
    From<?, Z> getParent();

    /**
     * Return the join type.
     * @return join type
     */
    JoinType getJoinType();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

/**
 * Defines the three types of joins.
 *
 * Right outer joins and right outer fetch joins are not required
 * to be supported. Applications that use <code>RIGHT</code> join
 * types will not be portable.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public enum JoinType {

    /** Inner join. */
    INNER,

    /** Left outer join. */
    LEFT,

    /** Right outer join. */
    RIGHT
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.PluralAttribute;

/**
 * The <code>PluralJoin</code> interface defines functionality
 * that is common to joins to all collection types. It is
 * not intended to be used directly in query construction.
 *
 * @param <Z> the source type
 * @param <C> the collection type
 * @param <E> the element type of the collection
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface PluralJoin<Z, C, E> extends Join<Z, E> {

    /**
     * Return the metamodel representation for the collection-valued
     * attribute corresponding to the join.
     * @return metamodel collection-valued attribute corresponding
     *         to the target of the join
     */
    PluralAttribute<? super Z, C, E> getModel();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import java.util.Collection;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.CollectionAttribute;

/**
 * The <code>CollectionJoin</code> interface is the type of the result of
 * joining to a collection over an association or element
 * collection that has been specified as a <code>java.util.Collection</code>.
 *
 * @param <Z> the source type of the join
 * @param <E> the element type of the target <code>Collection</code>
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface CollectionJoin<Z, E>
        extends PluralJoin<Z, Collection<E>, E> {

    /**
     *  Modify the join to restrict the result according to the
     *  specified ON condition and return the join object.
     *  Replaces the previous ON condition, if any.
     *  @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     *  @return the modified join object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    CollectionJoin<Z, E> on(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     *  Modify the join to restrict the result according to the
     *  specified ON condition and return the join object.
     *  Replaces the previous ON condition, if any.
     *  @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     *  @return the modified join object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    CollectionJoin<Z, E> on(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Return the metamodel representation for the collection
     * attribute.
     * @return metamodel type representing the <code>Collection</code> that is
     *         the target of the join
     */
    CollectionAttribute<? super Z, E> getModel();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import java.util.Set;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.SetAttribute;

/**
 * The <code>SetJoin</code> interface is the type of the result of
 * joining to a collection over an association or element
 * collection that has been specified as a <code>java.util.Set</code>.
 *
 * @param <Z> the source type of the join
 * @param <E> the element type of the target <code>Set</code>
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface SetJoin<Z, E> extends PluralJoin<Z, Set<E>, E> {

    /**
     *  Modify the join to restrict the result according to the
     *  specified ON condition and return the join object.
     *  Replaces the previous ON condition, if any.
     *  @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     *  @return the modified join object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    SetJoin<Z, E> on(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     *  Modify the join to restrict the result according to the
     *  specified ON condition and return the join object.
     *  Replaces the previous ON condition, if any.
     *  @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     *  @return the modified join object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    SetJoin<Z, E> on(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Return the metamodel representation for the set attribute.
     * @return metamodel type representing the <code>Set</code> that is
     *         the target of the join
     */
    SetAttribute<? super Z, E> getModel();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import java.util.List;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.ListAttribute;

/**
 * The <code>ListJoin</code> interface is the type of the result of
 * joining to a collection over an association or element
 * collection that has been specified as a <code>java.util.List</code>.
 *
 * @param <Z> the source type of the join
 * @param <E> the element type of the target List
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface ListJoin<Z, E>
        extends PluralJoin<Z, List<E>, E> {

    /**
     *  Modify the join to restrict the result according to the
     *  specified ON condition and return the join object.
     *  Replaces the previous ON condition, if any.
     *  @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     *  @return the modified join object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    ListJoin<Z, E> on(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     *  Modify the join to restrict the result according to the
     *  specified ON condition and return the join object.
     *  Replaces the previous ON condition, if any.
     *  @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     *  @return the modified join object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    ListJoin<Z, E> on(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Return the metamodel representation for the list attribute.
     * @return metamodel type representing the <code>List</code> that is
     *         the target of the join
     */
    ListAttribute<? super Z, E> getModel();

    /**
     * Create an expression that corresponds to the index of
     * the object in the referenced association or element
     * collection.
     * This method must only be invoked upon an object that
     * represents an association or element collection for
     * which an order column has been defined.
     * @return expression denoting the index
     */
    Expression<Integer> index();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import java.util.Map;
import jakarta.persistence.metamodel.MapAttribute;

/**
 * The <code>MapJoin</code> interface is the type of the result of
 * joining to a collection over an association or element
 * collection that has been specified as a <code>java.util.Map</code>.
 *
 * @param <Z> the source type of the join
 * @param <K> the type of the target Map key
 * @param <V> the type of the target Map value
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface MapJoin<Z, K, V>
        extends PluralJoin<Z, Map<K, V>, V> {

    /**
     *  Modify the join to restrict the result according to the
     *  specified ON condition and return the join object.
     *  Replaces the previous ON condition, if any.
     *  @param restriction  a simple or compound boolean expression
     *  @return the modified join object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    MapJoin<Z, K, V> on(Expression<Boolean> restriction);

    /**
     *  Modify the join to restrict the result according to the
     *  specified ON condition and return the join object.
     *  Replaces the previous ON condition, if any.
     *  @param restrictions  zero or more restriction predicates
     *  @return the modified join object
     *  @since 2.1
     */
    MapJoin<Z, K, V> on(Predicate... restrictions);

    /**
     * Return the metamodel representation for the map attribute.
     * @return metamodel type representing the <code>Map</code> that is
     *         the target of the join
     */
    MapAttribute<? super Z, K, V> getModel();

    /**
     * Create a path expression that corresponds to the map key.
     * @return path corresponding to map key
     */
    Path<K> key();

    /**
     * Create a path expression that corresponds to the map value.
     * This method is for stylistic use only: it just returns this.
     * @return path corresponding to the map value
     */
    Path<V> value();

    /**
     * Create an expression that corresponds to the map entry.
     * @return expression corresponding to the map entry
     */
    Expression<Map.Entry<K, V>> entry();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

/**
 * An object that defines an ordering over the query results.
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface Order {

   /**
    * Switch the ordering.
    * @return a new <code>Order</code> instance with the reversed ordering
    */
    Order reverse();

   /**
    * Whether ascending ordering is in effect.
    * @return boolean indicating whether ordering is ascending
    */
    boolean isAscending();

   /**
    * Return the expression that is used for ordering.
    * @return expression used for ordering
    */
   Expression<?> getExpression();
}
package jakarta.persistence.criteria;

import jakarta.persistence.Parameter;

/**
 * Type of criteria query parameter expressions.
 *
 * @param <T> the type of the parameter expression
 *
 * @since 2.0
 */
public interface ParameterExpression<T> extends Parameter<T>, Expression<T> {}
@PersistenceUnit
EntityManagerFactory emf;

CriteriaBuilder cb = emf.getCriteriaBuilder();
<T> CriteriaQuery<T> createQuery(Class<T> resultClass);

CriteriaQuery<Tuple> createTupleQuery();

CriteriaQuery<Object> createQuery();
CriteriaBuilder cb = ...
CriteriaQuery<Customer> q = cb.createQuery(Customer.class);
Root<Customer> customer = q.from(Customer.class);
q.select(customer);
CriteriaQuery<Order> q = cb.createQuery(Order.class);
Root<Order> order = q.from(Order.class);
Join<Order, Item> item = order.join(Order_.lineItems);
q.select(order);
CriteriaBuilder cb = ...
CriteriaQuery<String> q = cb.createQuery(String.class);
Root<Customer> customer = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer, Order> order = customer.join(Customer_.orders);
Join<Order, Item> item = order.join(Order_.lineItems);
q.select(customer.get(Customer_.name))
    .where(cb.equal(item.get(Item_.product).get(Product_.productType), "printer"));
SELECT c.name
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o JOIN o.lineItems i
WHERE i.product.productType = 'printer'
CriteriaQuery<String> q = cb.createQuery(String.class);
Root<Customer> customer = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Order, Item> item = customer.join(Customer_.orders).join(Order_.lineItems);
q.select(customer.get(Customer_.name))
    .where(cb.equal(item.get(Item_.product).get(Product_.productType), "printer"));
CriteriaQuery<Customer> q = cb.createQuery(Customer.class);
Root<Customer> customer = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer,Order> order = customer.join(Customer_.orders, JoinType.LEFT);
q.where(cb.equal(customer.get(Customer_.status), 1))
    .select(customer);
SELECT c FROM Customer c LEFT JOIN c.orders o WHERE c.status = 1
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<Supplier> s = q.from(Supplier.class);
Join<Supplier, Product> p = s.join(Supplier_.products, JoinType.LEFT);
p.on(cb.equal(p.get(Product_.status), "inStock"));
q.groupBy(s.get(Supplier_.name));
q.multiselect(s.get(Supplier_.name), cb.count(p));
SELECT s.name, COUNT(p)
FROM Suppliers s LEFT JOIN s.products p ON p.status = 'inStock'
GROUP BY s.name
CriteriaQuery<Department> q = cb.createQuery(Department.class);
Root<Department> d = q.from(Department.class);
d.fetch(Department.employees, JoinType.LEFT);
q.where(cb.equal(d.get(Department_.deptno), 1)).select(d);
SELECT d
FROM Department d LEFT JOIN FETCH d.employees
WHERE d.deptno = 1
CriteriaQuery<Vendor> q = cb.createQuery(Vendor.class);
Root<Employee> emp = q.from(Employee.class);
Join<ContactInfo, Phone> phone =
    emp.join(Employee_.contactInfo).join(ContactInfo_.phones);
q.where(cb.equal(emp.get(Employee_.contactInfo)
        .get(ContactInfo_.address)
        .get(Address_.zipcode), "95054"))
    .select(phone.get(Phone_.vendor));
SELECT p.vendor
FROM Employee e JOIN e.contactInfo.phones p
WHERE e.contactInfo.address.zipcode = '95054'
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<Item> item = q.from(Item.class);
MapJoin<Item, String, Object> photo = item.join(Item_.photos);
q.multiselect(item.get(Item_.name), photo)
    .where(cb.like(photo.key(), "%egret%"));
SELECT i.name, p
FROM Item i JOIN i.photos p
WHERE KEY(p) LIKE '%egret%'
CriteriaQuery<TransactionHistory> q = cb.createQuery(TransactionHistory.class);
Root<CreditCard> cc = q.from(CreditCard.class);
ListJoin<CreditCard,TransactionHistory> t = cc.join(CreditCard_.transactionHistory);
q.select(t)
    .where(cb.equal(cc.get(CreditCard_.customer)
             .get(Customer_.accountNum), 321987),
           cb.between (t.index(), 0, 9));
SELECT t
FROM CreditCard c JOIN c.transactionHistory t
WHERE c.customer.accountNum = 321987 AND INDEX(t) BETWEEN 0 AND 9
CriteriaQuery<Order> q = cb.createQuery(Order.class);
Root<Order> order = q.from(Order.class);
q.where(cb.isEmpty(order.get(Order_.lineItems)))
    .select(order);
SELECT o
FROM Order o
WHERE o.lineItems IS EMPTY
CriteriaQuery<String> q = cb.createQuery(String.class);
Root<Order> order = q.from(Order.class);
Join<Order,Book> book = cb.treat(order.join(Order_.product), Book.class);
q.select(book.get(Book_.isbn));
SELECT b.ISBN
FROM Order o JOIN TREAT(o.product AS Book) b
CriteriaQuery<Customer> q = cb.createQuery(Customer.class);
Root<Customer> customer = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer, Order> order = customer.join(Customer_.orders);
q.where(
    cb.equal(cb.treat(order.get(Order_.product), Book.class).get(Book_.name), "Iliad"));
q.select(customer);
SELECT c
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o
WHERE TREAT(o.product AS Book).name = 'Iliad'
CriteriaQuery<Employee> q = cb.createQuery(Employee.class);
Root<Employee> e = q.from(Employee.class);
q.where(
    cb.or(cb.gt(cb.treat(e, Exempt.class).get(Exempt_.vacationDays), 10),
    cb.gt(cb.treat(e, Contractor.class).get(Contractor_.hours), 100)));
SELECT e
FROM Employee e
WHERE TREAT(e AS Exempt).vacationDays > 10
    OR TREAT(e AS Contractor).hours > 100
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<Customer> cust = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer, Order> order = cust.join(Customer_.orders);
Join<Customer, Address> addr = cust.join(Customer_.address);
q.where(cb.equal(addr.get(Address_.state), "CA"),
        cb.equal(addr.get(Address_.county), "Santa Clara"));

q.multiselect(order.get(Order_.quantity),
        cb.prod(order.get(Order_.totalCost), 1.08),
        addr.get(Address_.zipcode));
SELECT o.quantity, o.totalCost*1.08, a.zipcode
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o JOIN c.address a
WHERE a.state = 'CA' AND a.county = 'Santa Clara'
CriteriaQuery<Employee> q = cb.createQuery(Employee.class);
Root<Employee> emp = q.from(Employee.class);
q.select(emp)
    .where(cb.notEqual(emp.type(), Exempt.class));
SELECT e
FROM Employee e
WHERE TYPE(e) <> Exempt
CriteriaQuery<String> q = cb.createQuery(String.class);
Root<Course> c = q.from(Course.class);
ListJoin<Course, Student> w = c.join(Course_.studentWaitlist);
q.where(cb.equal(c.get(Course_.name), "Calculus"),
        cb.equal(w.index(), 0))
 .select(w.get(Student_.name));
SELECT w.name
FROM Course c JOIN c.studentWaitlist w
WHERE c.name = 'Calculus' AND INDEX(w) = 0
CriteriaQuery<BigDecimal> q = cb.createQuery(BigDecimal.class);
Root<Order> order = q.from(Order.class);
Join<Order, Item> item = order.join(Order_.lineItems);
Join<Order, Customer> cust = order.join(Order_.customer);

q.where(
    cb.equal(cust.get(Customer_.lastName), "Smith"),
    cb.equal(cust.get(Customer_.firstName), "John"));
q.select(cb.sum(item.get(Item_.price)));
SELECT SUM(i.price)
FROM Order o JOIN o.lineItems i JOIN o.customer c
WHERE c.lastName = 'Smith' AND c.firstName = 'John'
CriteriaQuery<Integer> q = cb.createQuery(Integer.class);
Root<Department> d = q.from(Department.class);
q
    .where(cb.equal(d.get(Department_.name), "Sales"))
    .select(cb.size(d.get(Department_.employees)));
SELECT SIZE(d.employees)
FROM Department d
WHERE d.name = 'Sales'
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<Employee> e = q.from(Employee.class);
q.where(
    cb.equal(e.get(Employee_.department).get(Department_.name), "Engineering"));
q.multiselect(
    e.get(Employee_.name),
    cb.selectCase()
        .when(
            cb.equal(e.get(Employee_.rating), 1),
            cb.prod(e.get(Employee_.salary), 1.1))
        .when(
            cb.equal(e.get(Employee_.rating), 2),
            cb.prod(e.get(Employee_.salary), 1.2))
        .otherwise(cb.prod(e.get(Employee_.salary), 1.01)));
SELECT e.name,
    CASE
        WHEN e.rating = 1 THEN e.salary * 1.1
        WHEN e.rating = 2 THEN e.salary * 1.2
        ELSE e.salary * 1.01
    END
FROM EMPLOYEE e
WHERE e.department.name = 'Engineering'
CriteriaQuery<String> q = cb.createQuery(String.class);
Root<Employee> emp = q.from(Employee.class);
Join<Employee, FrequentFlierPlan> fp = emp.join(Employee_.frequentFlierPlan);

q.select(
    cb.<String>selectCase()
        .when(
            cb.gt(fp.get(FrequentFlierPlan_.annualMiles), 50000),
            cb.literal("Platinum"))
        .when(
            cb.gt(fp.get(FrequentFlierPlan_.annualMiles), 25000),
            cb.literal("Silver"))
        .otherwise(cb.nullLiteral(String.class)));
SELECT
    CASE
        WHEN fp.annualMiles > 50000 THEN 'Platinum'
        WHEN fp.annualMiles > 25000 THEN 'Gold'
        ELSE NULL
    END
CriteriaQuery<Customer> q = cb.createQuery(Customer.class);
Root<Customer> c = q.from(Customer.class);
ParameterExpression<Integer> param = cb.parameter(Integer.class);

q.select(c)
    .where(cb.equal(c.get(Customer_.status), param));
Root<Customer> c = q.from(Customer.class);
ParameterExpression<Integer> param = cb.parameter(Integer.class, "stat");
q.select(c).where(cb.equal(c.get(Customer_.status), param));
SELECT c FROM Customer c WHERE c.status = :stat
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<VideoStore> v = q.from(VideoStore.class);
MapJoin<VideoStore, Movie, Integer> inv = v.join(VideoStore_.videoInventory);

q.multiselect(
    v.get(VideoStore_.location).get(Address_.street),
    inv.key().get(Movie_.title),
    inv);
q.where(cb.equal(v.get(VideoStore_.location).get(Address_.zipcode), "94301"),
        cb.gt(inv, 0));
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<VideoStore> v = q.from(VideoStore.class);
MapJoin<VideoStore, Movie, Integer> inv = v.join(VideoStore_.videoInventory);

q.select(cb.tuple(
        v.get(VideoStore_.location).get(Address_.street),
        inv.key().get(Movie_.title),
        inv));
q.where(cb.equal(v.get(VideoStore_.location).get(Address_.zipcode), "94301"),
        cb.gt(inv, 0));
SELECT v.location.street, KEY(i).title, VALUE(i)
FROM VideoStore v JOIN v.videoInventory i
WHERE v.location.zipcode = '94301' AND VALUE(i) > 0
CriteriaQuery<Object> q = cb.createQuery();
Root<VideoStore> v = q.from(VideoStore.class);
MapJoin<VideoStore, Movie, Integer> inv = v.join(VideoStore_.videoInventory);

q.multiselect(
    v.get(VideoStore_.location).get(Address_.street),
    inv.key().get(Movie_.title),
    inv);

q.where(cb.equal(v.get(VideoStore_.location).get(Address_.zipcode), "94301"),
        cb.gt(inv, 0));
CriteriaQuery<Object> q = cb.createQuery();
Root<VideoStore> v = q.from(VideoStore.class);
MapJoin<VideoStore, Movie, Integer> inv = v.join(VideoStore_.videoInventory);

q.select(cb.array(
        v.get(VideoStore_.location).get(Address_.street),
        inv.key().get(Movie_.title),
        inv));
q.where(cb.equal(v.get(VideoStore_.location).get(Address_.zipcode), "94301"),
        cb.gt(inv, 0));
CriteriaQuery<CustomerDetails> q = cb.createQuery(CustomerDetails.class);
Root<Customer> c = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer, Order> o = c.join(Customer_.orders);

q.where(cb.gt(o.get(Order_.quantity), 100));
q.select(cb.construct(
        CustomerDetails.class,
        c.get(Customer_.id),
        c.get(Customer_.status),
        o.get(Order_.quantity)));
SELECT NEW com.acme.example.CustomerDetails(c.id, c.status, o.quantity)
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o
WHERE o.quantity > 100
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<Customer> c = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer, Order> o = c.join(Customer_.orders);
Join<Customer, Address> a = c.join(Customer_.address);

q.where(cb.equal(c.get(Customer_.id), 97510));
q.multiselect(
        o.get(Order_.quantity).alias("quantity"),
        cb.prod(o.get(Order_.totalCost), 1.08).alias("taxedCost"),
        a.get(Address_.zipcode).alias("zipcode"));

TypedQuery<Tuple> typedQuery = em.createQuery(q);
Tuple result = typedQuery.getSingleResult();
Double cost = (Double)result.get("taxedCost");
// create criteria query instance, with root Customer
CriteriaQuery<Customer> q = cb.createQuery(Customer.class);
Root<Customer> goodCustomer = q.from(Customer.class);

// create subquery instance, with root Customer
// the Subquery object is typed according to its return type
Subquery<Double> sq = q.subquery(Double.class);
Root<Customer> customer = sq.from(Customer.class);

// the result of the first query depends on the subquery
q.where(cb.lt(
    goodCustomer.get(Customer_.balanceOwed),
    sq.select(cb.avg(customer.get(Customer_.balanceOwed)))));
q.select(goodCustomer);
SELECT goodCustomer
FROM Customer goodCustomer
WHERE goodCustomer.balanceOwed < (SELECT AVG(c.balanceOwed) FROM Customer c)
// create CriteriaQuery instance, with root Employee
CriteriaQuery<Employee> q = cb.createQuery(Employee.class);
Root<Employee> emp = q.from(Employee.class);

// create Subquery instance, with root Employee
Subquery<Employee> sq = q.subquery(Employee.class);
Root<Employee> spouseEmp = sq.from(Employee.class);

// the subquery references the root of the containing query
sq.where(cb.equal(spouseEmp, emp.get(Employee_.spouse)))
    .select(spouseEmp);

// an exists condition is applied to the subquery result:
q.where(cb.exists(sq));
q.select(emp).distinct(true);
SELECT DISTINCT emp
FROM Employee emp
WHERE EXISTS (
    SELECT spouseEmp
    FROM Employee spouseEmp
    WHERE spouseEmp = emp.spouse)
// create CriteriaQuery instance, with root Employee
CriteriaQuery<Employee> q = cb.createQuery(Employee.class);
Root<Employee> emp = q.from(Employee.class);

// create Subquery instance, with root Manager
Subquery<BigDecimal> sq = q.subquery(BigDecimal.class);
Root<Manager> manager = sq.from(Manager.class);

sq.select(manager.get(Manager_.salary));
sq.where(cb.equal(
    manager.get(Manager_.department),
    emp.get(Employee_.department)));

// an all expression is applied to the subquery result
q.select(emp)
    .where(cb.gt(emp.get(Employee_.salary), cb.all(sq)));
SELECT emp
FROM Employee emp
WHERE emp.salary > ALL (
    SELECT m.salary
    FROM Manager m
    WHERE m.department = emp.department)
CriteriaQuery<Customer> q = cb.createQuery(Customer.class);
Root<Customer> customer = q.from(Customer.class);
Subquery<Long> sq = q.subquery(Long.class);
Root<Customer> customerSub = sq.correlate(customer);
Join<Customer,Order> order = customerSub.join(Customer_.orders);

q.where(cb.gt(sq.select(cb.count(order)), 10))
    .select(customer);
SELECT c
FROM Customer c
WHERE (SELECT COUNT(o) FROM c.orders o) > 10
CriteriaQuery<Order> q = cb.createQuery(Order.class);
Root<Order> order = q.from(Order.class);
Subquery<Integer> sq = q.subquery(Integer.class);
Root<Order> orderSub = sq.correlate(order);
Join<Order,Customer> customer = orderSub.join(Order_.customer);
Join<Customer,Account> account = customer.join(Customer_.accounts);

sq.select(account.get(Account_.balance));
q.where(cb.lt(cb.literal(10000), cb.all(sq)));
CriteriaQuery<Order> q = cb.createQuery(Order.class);
Root<Order> order = q.from(Order.class);
Join<Order,Customer> customer = order.join(Order_.customer);
Subquery<Integer> sq = q.subquery(Integer.class);
Join<Order,Customer> customerSub = sq.correlate(customer);
Join<Customer,Account> account = customerSub.join(Customer_.accounts);

sq.select(account.get(Account_.balance));
q.where(cb.lt(cb.literal(10000), cb.all(sq)));
SELECT o
FROM Order o
WHERE 10000 < ALL (
    SELECT a.balance
    FROM o.customer c JOIN c.accounts a)
SELECT o
FROM Order o JOIN o.customer c
WHERE 10000 < ALL (
    SELECT a.balance
    FROM c.accounts a)
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<Customer> customer = q.from(Customer.class);

q.groupBy(customer.get(Customer_.status));
q.having(cb.in(customer.get(Customer_.status)).value(1).value(2));
q.select(cb.tuple(
        customer.get(Customer_.status),
        cb.avg(customer.get(Customer_.filledOrderCount)),
        cb.count(customer)));
SELECT c.status, AVG(c.filledOrderCount), COUNT(c)
FROM Customer c
GROUP BY c.status
HAVING c.status IN (1, 2)
CriteriaQuery<Order> q = cb.createQuery(Order.class);
Root<Customer> c = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer,Order> o = c.join(Customer_.orders);
Join<Customer,Address> a = c.join(Customer_.address);

q.where(cb.equal(a.get(Address_.state), "CA"));
q.select(o);
q.orderBy(cb.desc(o.get(Order_.quantity)),
    cb.asc(o.get(Order_.totalCost)));
SELECT o
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o JOIN c.address a
WHERE a.state = 'CA'
ORDER BY o.quantity DESC, o.totalcost
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<Customer> c = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer, Order> o = c.join(Customer_.orders);
Join<Customer, Address> a = c.join(Customer_.address);

q.where(cb.equal(a.get(Address_.state), "CA"));
q.orderBy(cb.asc(o.get(Order_.quantity)),
    cb.asc(a.get(Address_.zipcode)));
q.multiselect(o.get(Order_.quantity),
    a.get(Address_.zipcode));
SELECT o.quantity, a.zipcode
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o JOIN c.address a
WHERE a.state = 'CA'
ORDER BY o.quantity, a.zipcode
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<Customer> c = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer, Order> o = c.join(Customer_.orders);
Join<Customer, Address> a = c.join(Customer_.address);

q.where(cb.equal(a.get(Address_.state), "CA"));
q.orderBy(cb.asc(o.get(Order_.quantity)),
    cb.asc(a.get(Address_.zipcode)));
q.select(cb.tuple(o.get(Order_.quantity),
    a.get(Address_.zipcode)));
CriteriaQuery<Object[]> q = cb.createQuery(Object[].class);
Root<Customer> c = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer, Order> o = c.join(Customer_.orders);
Join<Customer, Address> a = c.join(Customer_.address);

q.where(cb.equal(a.get(Address_.state), "CA"),
    cb.equal(a.get(Address_.county), "Santa Clara"));
q.select(cb.array(o.get(Order_.quantity),
    cb.prod(o.get(Order_.totalCost), 1.08),
    a.get(Address_.zipcode)));
q.orderBy(cb.asc(o.get(Order_.quantity)),
    cb.asc(cb.prod(o.get(Order_.totalCost), 1.08)),
    cb.asc(a.get(Address_.zipcode)));
SELECT o.quantity, o.totalCost * 1.08 AS taxedCost, a.zipcode
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o JOIN c.address a
WHERE a.state = 'CA' AND a.county = 'Santa Clara'
ORDER BY o.quantity, taxedCost, a.zipcode
CriteriaUpdate<Customer> q = cb.createCriteriaUpdate(Customer.class);
Root<Customer> c = q.from(Customer.class);

q.set(c.get(Customer_.status), "outstanding")
    .where(cb.lt(c.get(Customer_.balance), 10000));
UPDATE Customer c
SET c.status = 'outstanding'
WHERE c.balance < 10000
CriteriaUpdate<Employee> q = cb.createCriteriaUpdate(Employee.class);
Root<Employee> e = q.from(Employee.class);

q.set(e.get(Employee_.address).get(Address_.building), 22)
    .where(
        cb.equal(e.get(Employee_.address).get(Address_.building), 14),
        cb.equal(e.get(Employee_.address).get(Address_.city), "Santa Clara"),
        cb.equal(e.get(Employee_.project).get(Project_.name), "Jakarta EE"));
UPDATE Employee e
SET e.address.building = 22
WHERE e.address.building = 14
    AND e.address.city = 'Santa Clara'
    AND e.project.name = 'Jakarta EE'
CriteriaUpdate<Employee> q = cb.createCriteriaUpdate(Employee.class);
Root<Employee> e = q.from(Employee.class);

q.set(e.get(Employee_.salary), cb.prod(e.get(Employee_.salary), 1.1f))
    .set(e.get(Employee_.commission), cb.prod(e.get(Employee_.commission), 1.1f))
    .set(e.get(Employee_.bonus), cb.sum(e.get(Employee_.bonus), 5000))
    .where(cb.equal(e.get(Employee_.dept).get(Department_.name), "Sales"));
UPDATE Employee e
SET e.salary = e.salary * 1.1,
    e.commission = e.commission * 1.1,
    e.bonus = e.bonus + 5000
WHERE e.dept.name = 'Sales'
CriteriaDelete<Customer> q = cb.createCriteriaDelete(Customer.class);
Root<Customer> c = q.from(Customer.class);

q.where(
    cb.equal(c.get(Customer_.status), "inactive"),
    cb.isEmpty(c.get(Customer_.orders)));
DELETE
FROM Customer c
WHERE c.status = 'inactive'
    AND c.orders IS EMPTY
EntityManager em = ...;

Metamodel mm = em.getMetamodel();
EntityType<Employee> emp_ =mm.entity(Employee.class);
EmbeddableType<ContactInfo> cinfo_ = mm.embeddable(ContactInfo.class);
EntityType<Phone> phone_ = mm.entity(Phone.class);
EmbeddableType<Address> addr_ = mm.embeddable(Address.class);

CriteriaQuery<Vendor> q = cb.createQuery(Vendor.class);
Root<Employee> emp = q.from(Employee.class);
Join<Employee, ContactInfo> cinfo =
    emp.join(emp_.getSingularAttribute("contactInfo", ContactInfo.class));
Join<ContactInfo, Phone> p =
    cinfo.join(cinfo_.getSingularAttribute("phones", Phone.class));
q.where(
    cb.equal(emp.get(emp_.getSingularAttribute("contactInfo", ContactInfo.class))
        .get(cinfo_.getSingularAttribute("address", Address.class))
        .get(addr_.getSingularAttribute("zipcode", String.class)), "95054"))
    .select(p.get(phone_.getSingularAttribute("vendor",Vendor.class)));
EntityManager em = ...;
Metamodel mm = em.getMetamodel();

EntityType<Item> item_ = mm.entity(Item.class);
CriteriaQuery<Tuple> q = cb.createTupleQuery();
Root<Item> item = q.from(Item.class);
MapJoin<Item, String, Object> photo =
    item.join(item_.getMap("photos", String.class, Object.class));
q.multiselect(
    item.get(item_.getSingularAttribute("name", String.class)), photo)
        .where(cb.like(photo.key(), "%egret%"));
CriteriaBuilder cb = ...
CriteriaQuery<String> q = cb.createQuery(String.class);
Root<Customer> cust = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Order, Item> item = cust.join("orders").join("lineItems");
q.select(cust.<String>get("name"))
    .where(cb.equal(item.get("product").get("productType"), "printer"));
SELECT c.name
FROM Customer c JOIN c.orders o JOIN o.lineItems i
WHERE i.product.productType = 'printer'
CriteriaBuilder cb = ...
CriteriaQuery q = cb.createQuery();
Root cust = q.from(Customer.class);
Join item = cust.join("orders").join("lineItems");
q.select(cust.get("name")).where(
    cb.equal(item.get("product").get("productType"),"printer"));
CriteriaQuery<Customer> q = cb.createQuery(Customer.class);
Root<Customer> cust = q.from(Customer.class);
Join<Customer,Order> order = cust.join("orders", JoinType.LEFT);
q.where(cb.equal(cust.get("status"), 1))
    .select(cust);
SELECT c FROM Customer c LEFT JOIN c.orders o
WHERE c.status = 1
CriteriaQuery<Vendor> q = cb.createQuery(Vendor.class);
Root<Employee> emp = q.from(Employee.class);
Join<ContactInfo, Phone> phone = emp.join("contactInfo").join("phones");
q.where(cb.equal(emp.get("contactInfo")
    .get("address")
    .get("

Jakarta Persistence

Eclipse Foundation Specification License

Disclaimers

Scope

1. Introduction

1.1. Expert Group

1.2. Document Conventions

2. Entities

2.1. The Entity Class

2.2. Persistent Fields and Properties

2.2.1. Example

2.3. Access Type

2.3.1. Default Access Type

2.3.2. Explicit Access Type

2.3.3. Access Type of an Embeddable Class

2.3.4. Defaulted Access Types of Embeddable Classes and Mapped Superclasses

2.4. Primary Keys and Entity Identity

2.4.1. Primary Keys Corresponding to Derived Identities

2.4.1.1. Specification of Derived Identities

2.4.1.2. Mapping of Derived Identities

2.4.1.3. Examples of Derived Identities

2.5. Embeddable Classes

2.6. Collections of Embeddable Classes and Basic Types

2.7. Map Collections

2.7.1. Map Keys

2.7.2. Map Values

2.8. Mapping Defaults for Non-Relationship Fields or Properties

2.9. Entity Relationships

2.10. Relationship Mapping Defaults

2.10.1. Bidirectional OneToOne Relationships

2.10.2. Bidirectional ManyToOne / OneToMany Relationships

2.10.3. Unidirectional Single-Valued Relationships

2.10.3.1. Unidirectional OneToOne Relationships

2.10.3.2. Unidirectional ManyToOne Relationships

2.10.4. Bidirectional ManyToMany Relationships

2.10.5. Unidirectional Multi-Valued Relationships

2.10.5.1. Unidirectional OneToMany Relationships

2.10.5.2. Unidirectional ManyToMany Relationships

2.11. Inheritance

2.11.1. Abstract Entity Classes

2.11.2. Mapped Superclasses

2.11.3. Non-Entity Classes in the Entity Inheritance Hierarchy

2.12. Inheritance Mapping Strategies

2.12.1. Single Table per Class Hierarchy Strategy

2.12.2. Joined Subclass Strategy

2.12.3. Table per Concrete Class Strategy

2.13. Naming of Database Objects

3. Entity Operations

3.1. EntityManager

3.1.1. EntityManager Interface

3.1.2. Example of Use of EntityManager API

3.2. Entity Instance’s Life Cycle

3.2.1. Entity Instance Creation

3.2.2. Persisting an Entity Instance

3.2.3. Removal

3.2.4. Synchronization to the Database

3.2.5. Refreshing an Entity Instance

3.2.6. Evicting an Entity Instance from the Persistence Context

3.2.7. Detached Entities

3.2.7.1. Merging Detached Entity State

3.2.7.2. Detached Entities and Lazy Loading

3.2.8. Managed Instances

3.2.9. Load State

3.3. Persistence Context Lifetime and Synchronization Type

3.3.1. Synchronization with the Current Transaction

3.3.2. Transaction Commit

3.3.3. Transaction Rollback

3.4. Locking and Concurrency

3.4.1. Optimistic Locking

3.4.2. Version Attributes

3.4.3. Pessimistic Locking

3.4.4. Lock Modes

3.4.4.1. OPTIMISTIC, OPTIMISTIC_FORCE_INCREMENT

3.4.4.2. PESSIMISTIC_READ, PESSIMISTIC_WRITE, PESSIMISTIC_FORCE_INCREMENT

3.4.4.3. Lock Mode Properties and Uses

3.4.5. OptimisticLockException

3.5. Entity Listeners and Callback Methods

3.5.1. Entity Listeners

3.5.2. Lifecycle Callback Methods

3.5.3. Semantics of the Life Cycle Callback Methods for Entities